EXAM 3 PSYCH OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

What is self-concept?

How someone's specific skills or personality are viewed in a certain environment

What is self-esteem?

the global evaluation of self-worth based on all positive and negative self-perceptions

What is Personality based on Trait Theory?

a set of dispositional trait dimensions along which people can differ, assumed to be consistent across situations

What are the “Big Five Factors of Personality”? (OCEAN)

O: Openness to experience

C: Conscientiousness

E: Extraversion

A: Agreeableness
N:Neuroticism (emotional stability)

What is the Infant Rouge Test?

a visual self-recognition test where rouge is placed on an infant’s nose

What does the Infant Rouge Test measure?

During the mirror test, an infant who repeatedly touches the rouge mark on their own nose demonstrates self-recognition, appears around 15 months.

Give me the 3 main types of temperament in infants

1. Easy Child (positive mood, regular routines, adapts easily)

2. Difficult Child (reacts negatively, cries frequently, slow to accept change)

3. Slow-to-warmup Child (low activity level, somewhat negative, low mood intensity)

What is the Early Childhood Self-Description?

concrete, physical, active, adn unrealistically positive

What is the Late Childhood Self-Description?

Our self-awareness deepens as we start defining our personality, comparing ourselves to our peers, and noticing the gap between who we are and who we want to be

What is “Possible Selves” in Adolescence?

represents what adolescents hope to be in the future and what they dread becoming

What is a “Life Review” in late adulthood?

a process of reminicising unresolved conflicts of the past to come to terms with themselves, find new meaning, prepare for death

According to Erikson, what is the key identity conflict during Adolescence?

teens face 'Identity vs. Role Confusion,' their main goal is to figure out their true self. This is made easier by a societal 'moratorium'—a safe window of time where they are allowed to test out different beliefs and identities

What are James Marcia’s 4 Statuses of Identity?

1. identity diffusion

2. identity foreclosure

3. identity moratorium

4. identity achievement

What is Identity Diffusion?

no crisis, no commitment

What is Identity Foreclosure?

commitment made without a crisis

What is Identity Moratorium?

in the midst of a crisis, but no commitment

What is Identity Achievement?

undergone a crisis and made a firm commitment

What is Gender Identity?

internal awareness of one’s gender, including multidimensional knowledge, typicality (feeling like others of same gender), and contentedness (liking your gender)

What are Gender Stereotypes?

inaccurate beliefs about characteristics of males and females, created by society’s gender norms

How does “Parental Imperative” shape adult gender roles?

a requirement that parents adopt different roles to raise children, shapes gender roles and traits in adulthood

What is the Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Development?

gender development occurs through observation and imitation as well as rewards and punishments

What are the 3 stages of Kohlberg’s Cognitive Theory of Gender Constancy?

1. Gender Labeling

2. Gender Stability

3. Gender Consistency

What is the actual socio-emotional sex difference for Females?

express emotions more openly, nurturing/empathic, more prone to internalizing issues and relational aggression

What is the actual socio-emotional sex difference for Males?

more physically/verbally aggressive, express more anger, value self-assertion, more prone to externalizing issues

What is the Gender Intensification Hypothesis in early Adolescence?

When puberty hits, bodies change due to hormones, society expects them to act more 'like a man' or 'like a woman.' Because of these combined pressures, the differences between boys and girls become much more exaggerated

According to Guttman, how do gender traits change in later Adulthood after children are grown?

Men are LESS active, more passive, focus on family/religious contemplation

Women are MORE active, domineering, assertive

What 3 major components make up moral development?

moral cognition, moral behavior, and moral emotion

What is Moral Cognition?

how individuals reason or think

What is Moral Behavior

how people act

What is Moral Emotion?

how people feel

How are stages of Moral Cognition typically assessed?

assessed by having individuals respond to moral dilemmas

What are Piagets 2 main stages of Moral Development?

Heteronomous and Autonomous Morality, seperated by transition period

What is Heteronomous Morality?

children believe rules can never be bent or changed, they think that whether an action is 'good' or 'bad' depends on the outcome, even if it was an accident or done on purpose

What is Autonomous Morality?

rules are created by people, goodness is judged by intentions and consequences

According to Piaget and Kohlberg, what social interactions are critical for moral development?

Peer Relations

What are Kohlberg’s 3 stages of Moral Development?

Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional

What is Kohlberg’s Preconvetional Stage?

good and bad interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments

What is Kohlberg’s Conventional Stage?

certain standards are set by others

What is Kohlberg’s Postconventional Stage?

alternative moral courses, explore options, personal moral code

What was Gilligan’s major criticism of Kohlberg’s theory?

Men usually focus on strict rules and fairness

Women usually focus on caring for others and maintaining relationships

According to Freud, what is the foundation of moral behavior?

Guilt and the desire to avoid guilt, involving the creation of superego, ego ideal, and conscience

How does empathy begin in Infancy according to Damon?

begins as “Global Empathy”

What 3 traits make up an Individual’s Moral Personality?

Moral identity, moral character, and moral motivation

What are the 3 types of Cultural Codes of Ethics?

Community, Autonomy, and Divinity

What is Emotion Regulation?

Regulating your energy and emotions helps you adapt to any situation and reach your goals

What is an Emotion-coaching Parent?

help children deal with emotions, leading to better self-soothing, better attention, fewer behavioral problems

What is an Emotion-dismissing Parent?

they deny or ignore negative emotions, linked with poor emotional regulation

What are Primary Emotions in Infancy?

suprise, joy, fear appear in the first 6 months

What are Self-Conscious Emotions in Infancy?

jealousy, pride, shame, guilt require self-awareness and emerge after 18 months

What is Stranger Anxiety?

fear and wariness of strangers (peaking around 1 year)

What is Separation Protest?

crying when the caregiver leaves (peaking around 14-18 months)

“Prohedonic” Emotional Motivation in Adolescence

aimed at optimizing positive emotions and minimizing negative ones

“Contrahedonic” Emotional Motivation in Adolescence

aimed at optimizing negative emotions and minimizing positive ones

What is the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory in Adulthood and Aging?

older adults become selective with activities and social relationships to maintain social/emotional well-being because they perceive little time they have left to live

What did Harlow’s Monkey Studies and Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” help psychologists understand?

focused on mother-infant attachment and bonding

Based on Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation”, what are the 4 attachment styles?

1. Secure

2. Insecure Resistant

3. Insecure Ambivalent

4. Insecure Disorganized

What biological mechanisms are associated with mother-infant bonding and attachment?

Hormones

How do adolescent peer relations evolve in terms of cliques and crowds?

late childhood=same-sex cliques

early adolescence=heterosexual clique formation→to crowds during high school→disintergrate as couples form in late high school

What is Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

It suggests love has 3 components, Passion, Intimacy, Commitment

What are the different combinations of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

infatuation, companionate, consummate love