APCSP Unit 6 Vocab Review

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APCSP Unit 6

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79 Terms

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Computer Network

A group of two or more computers that are linked together.

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World Wide Web (WWW)

Internet application of interlinked web pages based on the HTTP protocol.

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Client

Computer or software application that requests services from a server located on the internet eg., a Web browser is an example of a client.

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Server

A host that provides some kind of service eg., Google's Gmail Service.

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Computing System

A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.

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Protocol

A system of rules that govern the behavior of some system.

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SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and POP (Post Office Protocol)

Sets of rules that govern the email services.

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URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)

WWW identifier that uniquely identifies a resource on the WWW.

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Digital Divide

Gap between those who have access to the internet and computers and those who do not, usually affected by socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics.

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Ethernet

Network that uses wires to connect computers.

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Bandwidth

The rate at which data is downloaded or uploaded in a network.

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Latency

A measure of the time it takes for a piece of data to reach its destination.

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Modem

A device that connects a computer to an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

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LAN (Local Area Network)

Network that connects computers within a school or home.

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WAN (Wide Area Network)

Network that connects devices over a broad geographic region -- e.g., a telephone network.

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HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

The set of rules that governs the WWW application.

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HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

A language for formatting Web pages.

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Routing

The process of finding a path from sender to receiver.

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Internet Service Provider (ISP)

A company that provides customers with Internet access.

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Wifi

A network that uses radio waves to connect devices (computers, smart phones, printers).

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Host

A computer that's connected directly to the Internet, often a computer that provides certain services or resources.

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Ping

A networking utility used by network administrators to test the reachability of a host on the Internet.

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Traceroute

A networking utility used to trace the route and measure delays of packets moving through the Internet.

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Packet

A collection of data used by the TCP/IP protocol to transmit data across the Internet.

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Packet Switching

The method by which information is transmitted through the Internet.

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Fault-Tolerant

The capability of a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of one or more of its components.

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Abstraction Layer

The Internet is organized into several of these layers that are controlled by various protocols.

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Scalability

The capacity for the system to change in size to meet new demands.

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Router

A device that transmits data between two different networks.

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IP Address

A unique string of numbers separated by periods that identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network.

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IPv4

IP version 4 is an older 32 bit IP address.

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IPv6

IP version 6 is a newer 128 bit IP address which allows for many more devices to be addressed.

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Domain Name

A hierarchical name (such as trincoll.edu) that identifies a domain and an institution on the Internet.

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DNS (Domain Name System)

An Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses.

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Cryptography

Means, literally, 'secret writing'.

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Encryption

The process of using a secret key to convert plaintext into ciphertext.

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Function

A procedure that computes and returns a value.

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Local Variables

Variables that are declared and exist only inside a procedure or function.

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Cipher

A system for creating secret messages.

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Plaintext

The unencrypted, readable message.

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Ciphertext

An unreadable, secret message.

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Decryption

The process of using a secret key to convert ciphertext into plaintext.

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Encryption Key

A piece of secret data used in by encryption and decryption algorithms.

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Encryption Algorithm

Algorithm that uses a secret key to encrypt messages.

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Symmetric Encryption

An encryption system where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption.

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Substitution Cipher

A cipher where the letters from a ciphertext alphabet are substituted for the letters in a plaintext message in a systematic way.

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Transposition Cipher

A cipher where the letters in the plaintext are rearranged without substitution.

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Brute Force Attack

In cryptography, this attempts to try every possible encryption key to break a secret message.

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Frequency Analysis

Counts the occurrence of the letters in an encrypted message in an effort to discover patterns that might reveal the encryption key.

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Polyalphabetic Substitution

A system where multiple alphabets are used to encrypt a single message.

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One Time Pad

An example of perfect (unbreakable) encryption, which is achieved by using, only once, a random polyalphabetic key that is as long as the message itself.

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Symmetric Cipher

A cipher in which a single key is used for both encryption and decryption.

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Asymmetric Cipher

A cipher in which separate but related keys are used for encryption and decryption.

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Key Exchange Problem

The problem of sharing a secret cryptographic key between Alice and Bob without Eve being able to intercept it.

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Public Key Cryptography

A cryptographic system that uses two keys -- a public key known to everyone and a private or secret key known only to the recipient of the message.

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Diffie-Hellman

An algorithm used to establish a shared secret between two parties.

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RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman)

A cryptosystem for public-key encryption, and is widely used for securing sensitive data, particularly when being sent over an insecure network such as the Internet.

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HTTPS

A protocol for secure (trusted, encrypted) communication over the Internet.

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SSL (Secure Socket Layer)

A protocol for establishing an encrypted link between a web server and a browser.

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Certificate Authority (CA)

An entity that issues digital certificates.

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Digital Certificate

A data packet that certifies the holder of a public key.

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Trust Model

The use of a trusted third party to verify the trustworthiness of a digital certificate.

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Intractable

A computational problem is intractable if the only known way to solve the problem depends on an exponential algorithm.

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Debugging

The process of removing errors from computer hardware or software.

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Computer Bug

Informal term for error in computer hardware or software, term coined by Grace Hopper.

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Syntax Error

Error that results from a violation of the programming language grammatical rules.

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Logic/Semantic Error

Error in which the program is not working as it is designed to work.

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Run-Time Error

Mistake in the program that occurs during the execution of a program.

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Strong Password

Password that is easy for a user to remember but would be difficult for someone else to guess based on knowledge of that user.

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Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

Users are asked to present several separate pieces of evidence involving knowledge, possession, and/or inherence.

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Biometrics

Using unique physical characteristics such as fingerprints, face recognition, etc, for identification.

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Malware

Software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation.

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Virus

Malicious program that can copy itself and gain access to a computer in an unauthorized way.

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Ransomware

Malware that encrypts and locks computer systems until a ransom is paid.

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Phishing

Technique that is used to trick a user into providing personal information usually through email.

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Keylogger

Program to record every keystroke made by a computer user.

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Rogue Access Point

Wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks.

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Firewalls

Barriers that protect a network from unauthorized access.

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Crowdsourcing

The practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.