A&Pii- respiration and digestion practice exam

the recoil of the lungs during ____ generates a pressure gradient causing air to flow ____ the lungs

expiration; out of

intrapulmonary pressure

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

the force that acts to pull the lungs away from the thoracic cavity wall and attempt to collapse the lungs

elastic recoil of the lungs and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

____ is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation

a. surfactant helps increase surface tension

b. as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required

c. a lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation

d. a decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation

b. as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required

the double-walled sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold most of the digestive tract in place are called

mesenteries

the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which brainstem center

central chemoreceptors

____ is a hormone, whereas ____ is an enzyme

secretin; pepsin

carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____ whereas protein digestion begins in the _____

mouth; stomach

when we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. this series of reactions is called

chemical digestion

in the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway because

long reflexive pathways can be stimulated outside of the GI tract

which of the following is not an important stimulus for gastric secretion

presence of carbohydrates in the stomach

you have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. which of the following enzymes will be most important to digest the meal

amylase

a doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise

eating foods that are low in fat

the chemical digestion of proteins begins via ____ which denatures large proteins

HCl

why are digestive enzymes for proteins secreted in inactive forms

the cells producing inactive enzymes are protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract

how many oxygen molecules can a hemoglobin molecule maximally transport

4

where does CO₂ bind on a RBC so it can be transported

attached to the globin protein subunits

how is the bulk of CO₂ transported in blood

as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma after first entering the RBCs

the local matching of blood flow through pulmonary capillaries with the movement of air into alveoli is

ventilation perfusion coupling and the Haldane effect

peristaltic waves are

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

what features of the small intestine increase the the absorptive effectiveness by increasing the surface area of the the mucosal lining

villi and microvilli

explanation as to why the densest collection of lymphoid tissue in the small intestine is found within the ileum

bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the walls of the small intestine where they could be absorbed with nutrients and enter the body

the lamina propria is composed primarily of

loose connective tissue

the ____ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. its neurons are found in the ____

enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa

the digestive enzyme released within the stomach that digests large proteins into still large oligopeptides is

pepsin

triglycerides found in foods such as butter are split by what specific enzyme in preparation for absorption

lipase

choose the brush border enzyme involved in the digestion of proteins

dipeptidase

proteins are primarily digested in

stomach and small intestine

necessary for vitamin B₁₂ absorption, ____ is secreted by _____ cells

intrinsic factor, parietal

which region of the brain acts as the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm

ventral respiratory group

which of the following is true regarding normal expiration of air during quiet breathing

it is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and relaxation of respiratory muscles

choose the portion of the respiratory cycle that best applies to the following phrase

decrease in thoracic cavity volume

expiration

which of the following choices is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin

a. partial pressure of CO₂

b. temp

c. partial pressure of O₂

d. number of RBC

number of RBC

which of the following incorrectly describes the mechanisms of CO₂ transport

a. 7% of CO₂ is dissolved directly into the plasma

b. attached to the heme part of Hb

c. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

d. just over 20% of CO₂ is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin

attached to the heme part of Hb

which of the following increases oxygen unloading at the tissues

increased partial pressure of CO₂

oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ____

diffusion

which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of individual gasses

daltons law

respiratory control centers are located in the

medulla and pons

identify the structures that serve to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and disrupt the flow of air into the nose

conchae

pepsinogen is produced by _____ and is activated by ____ which is secreted by _____

chief cells > hydrochloric acid > parietal cells

since blood arriving at the alveolus has a higher pCO₂ than the air found in the alveolus how will CO₂ move

CO₂ will move into the alveolus

which of the following increases oxygen unloading at the tissue

a. decreased concentration of H⁺ ions

b. atrium

c. decreased temp

d. increased partial pressure of CO₂

increased partial pressure of CO₂

which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, and absorption

a. sigmoid colon

b.large intestines

c.esophagus

d. stomach

stomach

the _____ regulates the flow of contents to the stomach to the duodenum

pyloric sphincter

the most powerful respiratory stimulus is

increase in CO₂

which of the following is a conducting zone structure

a. respiratory bronchiole

b. alveolar duct

c. terminal bronchiole

d. alveolar sac

terminal bronchiole

choose the portion of the respiratory cycle that best applies to the following phrase

intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

inspiration

intrapulmonary pressure is the _____

pressure w/in the alveoli of the lungs

which of the choices below best describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thoracic cavity wall and attempt to collapse the lungs

elastic recoil of the lungs and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

which of the following is not a component of the fluid secreted by the pancreas

a. enteropeptidase

b. lipase

c. water and bicarbonate

d. trypsinogen

enteropeptidase

the process of chemical and mechanical breakdown of food is called

digestion

what happens during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition

the tongue and epiglottis change position to ensure the bolus enters the esophagus

which of the following enzymes would be most activate in the presence of a high concentrations of protein fragments

trypsin

the ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur

bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum

fat digestion occurs primarily in the

small intestine

fat absorption through the plasma membrane of epithelial cells _____

occurs by simple diffusion because the lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane

which of the following is not normally found in saliva

a. mucus

b.lysozyme

c.amylase

d. lipase

e. protease

protease

how is the bulk of CO₂ transported in the blood

as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering RBCs

the ____ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the ___ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland

submandibular, lingual

which of the following is the least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption of nutrients

a. large intestine

b. esophagus

c. oral cavity

d. small intestine

esophagus

the lining of most of the conducting zone by a pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium is most closely associated with what primary function of the respiratory system

protection

strong emotions can sometimes stimulate hyperventilation. what is the best treatment for hyperventilation

have the person breathe into a bag to restore CO2 back into the blood stream

this best describes micelles:

a. lipids surrounded by bile salts

b. produced by the pancreas

c. released into lacteals

d.reabsorbed into the colon

lipids surrounded by bile salts

this is the major part of the aqueous component of pancreatic juice

a. mucus

b. trypsinnogen, chymptrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

c.secretin

d. bicarbonate ions

bicarbonate ions (buffer stomach acid)

the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups make up the respiratory center and are located where

medulla oblongata

when blood passes through the tissues, the Hb in blood is better able to combine with carbon dioxide because of this effect

haldane effect (haldane helps hemoglobin hold CO2)

these cells in the gastric glands produce pepsinogen

chief/ zygomgenic cells

you are exercising doing aerobics at your fitness center. as you increase to a high intensity of exercise, you would expect the tidal volume to ______ and the frequency of respiration to ______

increase; increase

this occurs during deglutition Iswallowing)

the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata is activated

saliva contains the digestive enzymes ________ and ______

amylases; lipases

(amylase acts on apples, lipase loves lard)

all of the following are true of defecation except

a. can occur as a result of mass movement

b. can be initiated by stretch of the rectum

c. involves parasympathetic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord

d. involves contraction of the internal and external anal sphincter

involves contraction of the internal and external anal sphincter

function of a surfactant

decreases the surface tensions of the fluid that lines the alveoli, by reducing surface tension prevents alveolar collapse and makes breathing easier

these muscles are all involved in mastication except

a. temporalis

b. massester

c. orbicularis oris

d.medial pterygoid

orbicularis oris

when pulmonary compliance increases, lung expansion becomes _____

easier

function of bile

contains breakdown products from hemoglobin

this lung capacity volume is the largest

vital capacity- the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation

these muscular contractions move material through the digestice tract

peristalis

the _____ is the thick connective tissue layer of the digestive tract that contains blood vessels, small glands, and a nerve plexus

submucosa layer

in an asthma attack you would expect airflow to

decrease due to airway constriction and inflammation

these lymphatic capillaries are found in the villi of the small intestine

lacteals- specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats

as a result of a pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity) the lungs tend to

collapse due to lack of pressure

this layer of the digestive tract is continuous with the external environment

muscosa

during the process of expiration, the alveolar pressure is____

greater than atmospheric pressure

according to boyles law, as volume increase

pressure decreases

newtons law

air moves from high pressure to low pressure, helping you breathe in and out

the _____ is the laryngeal cartilage that prevents food from entering the air way

epiglottic cartilage

arrange the following structures in the correct order as air passes through them traveling from the bronchi

1. alveolar duct

2. alveolus

3. respiratory bronchiole

4. terminal bronchiole

4 (terminal bronchiole), 3 (resp. bronchiole), 1 (alveolar duct), 2 ( alveolus )

trace the flow of air from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli

1. nose

2. pharynx ( nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

3. larynx

4. trachea

5. primary bronchi

6. secondary bronchi

7. teriary brinchi

8. bronchioles

9. terminary bronchioles

10. respiratory bronchioles

11. alveolar ducts

12. pulmonary alveoli

functions of the respiratory system

gas exchange

comm

olfaction

acid/base balance

blood pressure regulation- synthesis of angiotensin II

blood and lymph flow

blood filtration

expulsion of abdominal contents

platelet production

(GCOABBBAP)