bio ch12 vocab

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26 Terms

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genetics
The scientific study of heredity
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fertilization
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
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trait
specific characteristic of an individual
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hybrid
Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
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gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring
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allele
one of a number of different forms of a gene
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principle of dominance
Mendel's second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
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segregation
Separation of alleles during gamete formation
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gamete
sex cell
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probability
likelihood that a particular event will occur
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homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene
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heterozygous
having two different alleles for a particular gene
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phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism
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genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
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Punnett square
diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross
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independent assortment
One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
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incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
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codominance
situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed
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multiple alleles
A gene that has more than two alleles
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polygenic trait
trait controlled by two or more genes
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homologous
term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent
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diploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
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haploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes
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meiosis
process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
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tetrad
structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis
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crossing-over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis