Unit 3-4 DBQ AP World

Protestant Reformation Cause

- corrupt practices of the church

New Ideas (P.reformation)

- Saved not by good works but by faith
- Need to interpret good for yourself
- Read the bible to understand good will

Martin Luther (1519-1595) thesis

- Challenges church practices
- Leads to Protestant-Catholic conflict
- Nations must choose

Protestant Reformation Overall Message

- Church has strayed and will not reform on its own, dramatic change is needed

Impact of Protestant Reformation

- Increased literacy, especially among women
- Conflict/War/Division between religions
- Catholic counter reformation
- Religion's impact lessened, secularization of Europe
- Long Term: Competing faiths weakened church power, intolerance and warfare discredited church in the eyes of many

Catholic Counter Reformation (1545-1563)

- Summoned by Pope Paul III who lead the reform of the church
- Reaffirmed traditional catholic doctrines
- Called for better training of priests and reformed church finances and administration
- Council of Trent
- Jesuits/Society of Jesus

Jesuits/Society of Jesus

- A major component of Counter Reformation
- Religious order made up of dedicated missionaries
- Swore absolute obedience to the Pope and traveled to new lands that Europeans were exploring and won converts
- Founded Schools
- Convert Non-Christians
- Stop spread of Protestantism

The Steppes and Siberia

- A small Russian state centered on Moscow began to emerge (1500)
- Moscow began to conquer neighboring cities
- Over 3 centuries grew into a massive empire
- Early expansion into the grasslands to south and . . east was for security against nomads
- Expansion into siberia was a matter of opportunity . (especially furs) Not threat.

Experiencing the Russian Empire

- Conquest made possible by modern weapons and organization
- Conquest brought devastating epidemics, especially in remote areas of Siberia; locals had no immunity to smallpox and measles
- Pressure to convert to Christianity
- Large-scale settlement of Russians in the new lands, where they outnumbered the native population
- Discouragement of pastoralism
- Many natives russified

Russian Empire

- With imperial expansion, Russians became a smaller proportion of the overall population
- Rich agricultural lands, furs, and minerals helped make Russia powerful by the 18th century
- Became an Asian power as well as a European one
- Long term Russian identity problem
- Expansion made Russia a very militarized state
- Reinforced autocracy
- Colonization experience was different from the Americas
- Conquest of territories with which Russia had . long interacted
- Conquest took place at age same time as . . . . . development of the Russian state
- Remained intact until 1991

Ivan III (1462-1505)

- Yeeted Mongols
- Marriage alliance with byzantine empire which brought traditions of the byzantine court and its concept of absolutism
- Double-headed eagle symbol of the fusion between political and religious power; influence of the Byzantine empire

Ivan IV (1533-1584)

- The terrible grand prince of Moscow
- 1st Tsar of Russia
- Centralized administration
- Attempted to weaken power of nobles (boyars)
- Creation of a multi-ethnic empire that included non-slavic people
- Large and unsuccessful wars against Sweden and Poland (expensive)
- Orthodox church still a challenge to Tsarist power

Tsar Peter I (1682-1725)

- 1st emperor
- Established Romanov Dynasty
- Secularized, modernized/westernized the country by taxing peasants
- Took great charge of the nobles of Russia

St. Petersburg

- Russian port city on the Baltic Sea
- Was imperial capital for 2 centuries
- Founded in 1707 by Peter the Great
- Remains a Russian cultural center
- Theaters with opera and ballet
- Russian museum with Russian art from . . . . . . . . Orthodox icon paintings to Kandinsky works

Chinese Dynasties

- Han, 200-200, classical age
- Tang, 600-900, golden age
- Song, 960-1280, golden age
- Yuan, 1280-1370, mongols
- Ming, 1370-1640, reaction to mongols
- Qing, 1640-1911, last one

Sacred Edict

In 1670, Emperor Kangxi issued this, 16 degrees to promote confucian values among the common people. It was read publicly at periodic intervals in every village in the country
- Esteem most highly filial piety and brotherly submission, in order to give due to importance to the social relations
- Lab- Esteem most highly filial piety and brotherly submission, in order to give due to importance to the social relationsor diligently at your proper callings, in order to stabilize age will of the people
- Show that you prize moderation and economy, in order to prevent the lavish waste of your means
- Fully remit your taxis in order to avoid being pressed for payment.

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

- Manchu (not ethnically Han/Chinese)
- Effective Military
- Appealed to many Chinese
- Better alternative than the late Ming rulers who . became corrupt and lazy
- Continued civil service exams based on confucianism
- Did preserve/impose Manchu identity
- Manchu-style queue/hair, outlawed . . . . . . . . . . intermarriage
- Footbinding: Contrary to Manchu beliefs but did not stop
- Tribute System
- Exports Grew: Tea, silk, porcelain, largely purchased with silver
- Viewed Europeans as greedy
- Restricted access to single island where state . approved groups conducted (made tons of $)
- Crops from Americas (Corn, Sweet potatoes) help fuel population increase
- Population increase is good as more people=more labor, but also challenge of providing for larger population

Japanese Empire

- Cultural borrowing from China, 7th-9th centuries
- Failed Mongol invasions, late 13th century
- 16th century: Japanese silver
- Arrival of Europeans:
- Acceptance, late 16th century
- Rejection, early 17th century

Shogunate

- Around 1200 emperor bestows a title of Shogun on head of minamoto clan who had come to dominate other clans and support the Emperor
- Took on administrative power and emperor became a figurehead
- 1274-1281 mongols attempt invasion after Kublai Khan's demand for tribute from Japan went unanswered.
- Hundreds of ships, thousands of soldiers
- Mongols successful initially, but retreat not . fully realizing success
- Govt struggles after mongol invasion
- Fear of 3rd attack required constant military . . . readiness (expensive)
- Focus on defense disrupted agriculture
- Samurai typically paid in portion of captured . . land, no land gained in victory over mongols
- Tensions emerge and by late 1400s regional . . . . warlords (Daimyo) amass enormous power, ..... . Japan decentralized politically
- 1603: Unified under Tokugawa Ieyasu

Tokugawa Shogunate

- Japan for 250 years of peace and stability
- Tightly controlled, rigid social hierarchy

Change in Tokugawa Shogunate

- 1568-1600 Civil War
- Tokugawa becomes shogun (1600)
- Japan becomes more centralized but remains somewhat decentralized govt
- Tokugawa gives land to loyal lords, regional urban centers developed
- Class structure made more rigid
- Samurai, Farmer, Artisan, Merchant

Continuity in Tokugawa Shogunate

- Emperor remains but does not rule
- Samurai warrior class remains but controlled by making them bureaucrats
- Still don't trust foreign influence
- Rebellions in early 17th century planned on . . . Christian missionaries
- 1641: Japan closed off to westerners

Tokugawa Shogunate response to rise of West

- 1635: Closed country edict of Japan
- Japanese ships forbidden to leave to foreign . . . countries
- No Japanese person is permitted to go abroad . (anyone who attempts to do so will X__X)
- Any place where Catholicism is practiced must . be investigated
- Trade may take place after a list of merchants . . brought by foreign ships is sent to the Emperor

Scientific Revolution

Printing press increased availability go print material; increasing literacy and resulting in the spread of ideas that both supported and challenged existing paradigms

Political Changes: Absolutism

- Absence of constitutional check on power
- Strong military
- Strong economy and tax collection
- Standardized language
- Monarch is associated with religion (divine right)
- Monarch not subject to the laws set up for subjects
- Assistance of strong ministers
- EX: Henry VIII, Louis XIV

Enlightenment Ideas

- Adam Smith: Economic laws will produce more favorable results
- Thomas Hobbes: Social contract (give up liberty for security)
- John Locke: Natural rights, consent of the governed
- Voltaire: Separate religion from government
- Montesquieu: Separation of powers