WVU EXPH 240: Cardiovascular System & Respiratory System

The 4 chambers of the heart:

right atrium and left atrium (upper chambers), and right ventricle and left ventricle (lower chambers)

What divides the heart into left and right portions?

Interatrial septum and interventricular septum

True or False: heart valves (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary) open and close to maintain the one-way flow of blood through the heart

True

What are the three layers of the heart?

endocardium, epicardium, myocardium

What lines the interior cavities of the heart?

endocardium

What is the thick, musclar layer of the heart?

myocardium

What is the outer membrane of the heart?

epicardium

What loose, protective sac encloses the heart?

pericardium

Dexoygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the ___ vena cava and ___ inferior vena cava into the right atrium

superior; inferior

During atrial contraction, the ____ valve opens to allow blood flow into the ___ ventricle

triscupid; right

Contraction of the ventricle pushes blood through the ____ valve into the pulmonary artery

pulmonary

The pulmonary circulation is the passage of blood from the right ventricle through the

___ artery to the ___ (where blood is oxygenated) and back through the _____ veins to the left artium

pulmonary; lungs; pulmonary

With atrial contraction, the _____ (or bicuspid) valve opens to allow blood to flow into the ____ ventricle

mitral; left

Contraction of the left ventricle pushes blood through the ____ valve into the ____ and onto all parts of the body through the systematic circulation, the circulation of blood through the arteries, arteries (small arteries), capillaries, venules (small veins), and veins throughout the body. Blood then returns to the right atrium

aortic; aorta

The ______ ______ supplies blood to the heart, which is the first organ to receive oxygenated blood via the right and left coronary arteries. These arteries and their branches distribute blood throughout the entire heart

coronary circulation

vessel

angi/o

aorta

aort/o

artery

arteri/o

fatty (lipid) paste

Arther/o

atrium

atri/o

heart

cardi/o

circle or crown

coron/o

muscle

my/o

chest

pector/o

vein

phleb/o

pulse

sphygm/o

chest

steth/o

clot

thromb/o

swollen, twisted vein

varic/o

vessel

vas/o

vessel

vascul/o

vein

ven/o

ventricle (belly or pouch)

ventricul/o

upper right or left chamber of the heart

atrium

membrane lining the cavities of the heart

endocardium

membrane forming the outer layer of the heart

epicardium

partition between the right and left atria

interatrial septum

partition between the right and left ventricles

interventricular septum

heart muscle

myocardium

protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between

pericardium

layer of the pericardial sac closest to the heart (visceral=pertaining to organ)

visceral pericadium

outer layer (parietal= pertaining to wall)

parietal pericardium

fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layers

pericardial cavity

lower right or left chamber of the heart

ventricle

structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

heart valves

heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

aortic valve

heart valve between the left atrium and the left atrium and the left ventricle (cuspis=point); also called the mitral valve

bicuspid valve

heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle (cuspis=point); also called the bicuspid valve

mitral valve

heart and valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery (luna=moon); also called the pulmonary semilunar valve

pulmonary valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

tricuspid valve

valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart

valves of the veins

vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the arterioles

arteries

large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle

aorta

small vessels that recieve blood from the arteries

arterioles

tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules

capillaries

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

venules

vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules

veins

circulation of blood throughout the body via arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues

systematic circulation

circulation of blood throughout the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

coronary circulation

circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases

pulmonary circulation

measure of the blood within the systematic arteries maintained by the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of arterial walls; measured with a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) for diagnostic purposes

blood pressure (BP)

to expand; period furing the cardiac cycle (complete heart beat) when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria

diastole

to contract; period during the cardiac cycle (complete heart beat) when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery

systole

normal blood pressure

normotension

low blood pressure

hypotension

high blood pressure

hypertension (HTN)

Repeated electrical impulses are conducted:

from the sinoatrial (SA) node (the pacemarker of the heart) -> to the atrioventricular (AV) node -> to the atioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of his) -> to the right and left bundle branches -> to the Purkinje fibers

The impulses cause each myocardial cell to change:

from a resting state (polarization) -> to a contracting state (depolarization) -> back to a resting state by recharging (repolarization)

the pacemaker; highlt specialized, neurological tissue embedded in the wall of the right atrium; responsible for initating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing condution of impulses to the atrioventricular (AV) node

sinoatrial (SA) node

neurologic tissue in the center of the heart that recieves and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

atrioventricular (AV) node

neurologic fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers; also called bundle of His

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

neurologic fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers; also alled atrioventricular (AV) bundle

bundle of His

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

Purkinje fibers

resting; resting state of a myocardial cell

polarization

change of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction (de=not; polarization=resting)

repolarization

regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (aaverage rate of 60-100 beats/minute)

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

a widening; a bulging of the wall of an artery caused by a congenitial defect or acquired weakness

aneurysm

a sac-like bulge on one side of an artery

saccular aneurysm

a spindle-shaped bulge of an artery

fusiform anuerysm

a split or tear of the arterial wall

dissecting anuerysm

compression of a part that causes narrowing (stenosis)

constriction

chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often cause by narrowing of the coronary arteries (angina=to choke)

angina pectoris

thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls

arteriosclerosis

a form of arterioslcerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty substances that harden wihtin the walls of arteries

atheroscleorsis

a swollen area within the loning of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids)

atheromatous plaque

limping; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply

claudication

profuse sweating (perspiration)

diaphoresis

a stationary blood clot

thrombus

a clot (e.g., air, fat, or a foreign object) carried in the bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when it lodges (embolus= a stopper)

embolus

an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

heart murmur

decreased blood flow to tissue caused by obstruction or constriction of a blood vessel; to hold back blood

ischemia

plugging; an obstruction or a closing off

occlusion

a localized area of necrosis (dead tissue cells) caused by oschemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel; to stuff into

infarct

lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, or obstruction

perfusion deficit

subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats

palpitation

condition of narrowing of a part

stenosis

an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally resulting from infection; to grow

vegetation

signs and symptoms indicating an active process of artherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina and other pathologic events leading to myocardial infarection (MI); early diagnosis and rapid treatment are critical to avoid or minimizw damage to heart muscle

acute coronary syndrom (ACS)

any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysthrythmia

arrhythmia

any of several kids of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called arrhythmia

dysrhythmia