gastrointestinal system

3 parts of the small intestine

1. duedenom

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

What is the most common over the counter medication that causes acute liver failure ?

Acetaminophen

Narrowest location in the gastrointestinal system that joins small and large intestine ?

Ileo-Cecal junction

What is the appendix attached to?

The Cecum

3 parts of the large intestine

1. Ascending colon

2. Transverse colon

3. Descending colon

What external feature is different in large intestine than small intestine ?

Teníae coli

What is the teniae coli?

3 longitudinal band like features found outside the large intestine

Where does the teniae coli join and help locate ?

Join at the Cecum to locate the appendix

What is the largest gland in the human body?

the liver

Why is the liver the headquarter of?

All major metabolism which includes proteins, lipids, carbs, drugs and vitamins

Where is bile stored?

The gallbladder

What is bile used for ?

Emulsification

What is emulsification ?

The break down of fats to a size that the intestines can absorb.

In disease of the liver, bile cannot be produced in adequate amounts which will lead to the deficiency of what vitamins ?

Vitamins A,D,E,K

What organ secretes insulin and glucagon?

Pancreas

What does pancreatic juice do ?

Neutralizes Stomach acid and provide digestive enzymes in duedenum.

What digestive enzymes does the pancreas secrete ?

Amylase, lipase, and proteases

What is the stomach pH?

2.0

What kind of epithelium does the esophagus have?

Stratified squamous non-ketratinized

What kind of epithelium does the stomach to rectum have?

Simple columnar

What is metaplasia?

Reversible change of one normal type of epithelium with another type of epithelium.

What is GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)?

A chronic digestive condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into esophagus

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A condition where the cells lining the lower parts of the esophagus change to resemble cells found in the intestine, due to chronic acid reflux.

What part of the GIS and reproductive system is smooth muscle?

Stomach and uterus

What are the 3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach ?

1. Innermost :oblique layer

2. Middle: circular layer

3. Outermost: longitudinal layer

Which layer of the stomach is considered the “unique” layer ?

Innermost : oblique layer

If a persons intracranial pressure is high from brain surgery, why would they be put on anti-ulcer medication?

Gastric ulcers are associated with elevated intracranial pressure

What is curlings ulcer?

Actúe gastric erosion resulting as a complication from severe burns

In condition of stress the stomach and intestines will silently develop what?

Ulcers

What is Cushings ulcer?

A gastric ulcer, developed primarily in the stomach, associated with raised intracranial pressure

The stomach and intestines are associated with what nervous systems?

The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

What supplies the stomach and small intestine ?

The vagus nerve with parasympathetic fibres

What do parietal cells secrete ?

hydrochloric acid and intristic factor

What does the secretion of hydrocloric acid activate ?

Activates pepsinogen into pepsin which can then digest proteins

What does the secretion of intristic factor do?

These carrier proteins bind to vitamin B.12 and protects them against digestion so it can then be absorb in the small intestine

What is absorbed by the stomach ?

Water and alcohol

What do chief cells secrete ?

Pepsinogen

What do g-cells secrete ?

Gastrin

What is gastrins function ?

A hormone that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells in the stomach.

Gastrin is produced by the stomach and is triggered by the entry of food into the stomach and the stretching of the stomach.

What do mucous neck cells secrete ?

An acidic mucus that lubricates and protects the stomach lining from the corrosive effects of the stomach acid.

What do surface mucous cells secrete?

Thick alkaline mucus that acts as a barrier to protect the lining of the stomach from the corrosive effects of the gastric acid.

What neutralizes hydrochloric acid when entering the small intestine ?

Bicarbonate secrete by the epithelial cells lining the pancreatic ducts and epithelial cells lining the stomach.

What does the liver produce ?

Bile

What does bile do in the digestive tract?

It’s a chemical that helps turn fats into energy that your body uses.

In liver disease, emulsification is compromised and can lead to what?

Steatorrhea (poop with extra fat)

Acemtaminophen induced acute liver failure is more common in what gender?

Women

What enzymes are primarily present in the cells of the liver that metabolize medications or drugs?

Cytochrome P450

Grapefruit negatively effects what?

P450 system of cytochrome

What hormone does deudenum secrete that leads to the contraction of the gallbladder which ejects bile out and acts as a satiety signal reducing appetite ?

Cholesytokinin

What is jaundice, which can come from pancreatic cancer ?

The skin gets yellow pigmentation

What does the blockage of the common hepatic duct lead to?

Jaundice

What does the blockage of the common bile duct lead to?

Jaundice and steatorrhea

What does the blockage of the Ampulla of vater lead to?

Jaundice and steatorrhea and pancreatitis

What does the blockage of the major pancreatic duct lead to?

Pancreatitis

What are the 2 types of digestive processes ?

1. Peristalsis

2. Segmental contractions

What is the sphincter of oddi?

A muscular valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum.

What is the migrating motor complex ?

Occurs during period of fasting where food remnants, bacteria, and debris are swept out of upper GI tract into large intestine. Every 90-ish minutes

What is peristaltic contractions ?

wave like contractions that propel food forward

What is segmental contractions ?

A pinching contraction that aids in mechanical digestion (breaking down food and mixing it)

What is the most common secretion in the GI system?

Water

What process has no regulation and not dependent on any major factor?

Absorption

What condition will lead your patient to die within a matter of hours or 2-3 days?

Intestinal obstruction

What are signs/ symptoms of intestinal obstruction?

• cannot pass gas

• Bloating

• Abdomen is rock solid

• Horizontal fluid levels in x ray

What are 3 monosaccharides?

1. Glucose

2. Fructose

3. Galactose

Glucose + glucose =

Maltose

Fructose + glucose =

Sucrose

Galactose + glucose =

Lactose

What is the only major storage form of glucose in human cell tissue and organs?

Glycogen

What toxic substance is produced when proteins are broken down in the stomach, intestine, and liver?

Ammonia (NH3)

In the case of liver damage? The ammonia accumulates and can destroy the organs/tissues of the body especially the brain, what is this called?

Hepatic encephalopathy

Merocrine secretion

Most common, secretory vacuoles leave the cell via exocytosis

Apocrine secretion

Only the apical portion of the cell becomes part of the secretion

Holocrine secretion

Entire cell breaks down and becomes apart of the secretion

Layers of mucosa

1. Epithelium

2. Lamina proprial

3. Muscularis mucosa

Layers of muscularis externa

1. Inner layer circular

2. Out layer longitudinal

GIT tissue layes

1. Mucosa (innermost)

2. Sub mucosa

3. Muscularis externa

4. Serosa (outermost )

What is the unique layer of muscularis externa only found in the stomach ?

Oblique layer

What is the outermost layer of the esophagus, intestines, and stomach ?

Serosa

Where is the Peyers patch found ?

Only in the ileum

What is the peyers patch?

Lymphoid tissue that play a role in the immune systems response to antigens encountered in the gut

pepsin

Breaks down proteins

Amalayse

Breaks down starches

Lipase

Breaks down lipids

What increases the surface area in the small intestine which allows for more absorption?

Villi and microvilli

What cells in the stomach secrete surface mucus cells to protect the stomach from acid ?

Foveolar cells

What neutralizes stomach acid which is secreted by the pancreas and the duodenum?

Bicarbonate

What hormone releases bicarbonate from the pancreas?

Secretin

Hormone ghrelin

Promotes hunger

Hormone leptin

Stimulates fullness

Hormone insulin

Regulates glucose

Hormone glucagon

Stimulates glycogen

What type of acid is stomach acid

Hydrochloric acid

Helicobacter pylori

A bacteria that is a common cause of stomach ulcers