World History (H) Final Exam

What does “Renaissance” mean?

It means rebirth of classical learning

What shifted during the Renaissance

medieval to modern thought

What was a key factor of the Renaissance

Wealth from trade

decline of feudalism

patronage

rediscovery of Greek and Roman texts

inventions of printing press

Important figures of the Renassiance were?

Leonardo Da Vinci

Michelangelo

Raphael

Niccolo Machiavelli

Dante Alighieri

Petrarch

Humanism

focuses on individual and worldly experience

Secularism

focus on non-religious subjects alongside religious themes

What did the art of the time rely on

Realism

perspective

classical themes

What was the motivation for Exploration?

Economic (trade routes/resources)

political power

religious conversion

technological advances

Impacts of Imperialism

Wealth and influence for Europe

devastating effects on indigenous peoples

What was the effects on indigenous people due to imperialism?

disease

slavery

cultural loss

Reasons for exploration

Economic

Political

Religious

Technological

What is Slave Trade & Triangle Trade

Forced African slavery to Americas; trade system connecting across the world.

What continents were involved with the Triangle Trade and the Slave Trade?

Europe

Americas (North & South)

Africa

What were the main countries involved with Imperialism/Exploration age

Portugal

Spain

England

France

Netherlands

Who are key figures of the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther

John Calvin

Henry VII

Zwingli

Ignatius Loyola

What was the Protestant Reformation

A 16th century movement aimed at reforming the Catholic Church, by establishing Protestantism as a separate branch of Christianity.

Where did the Protestant Reformation spread?

Germany

Switzerland

England

Scandinavia

France Netherlands

Eastern Europe

What were the impacts of the Reformation

Creation of new religious sects

What were the new religious sects created by the Protestant Reformation

Lutheranism

Calvinism

Anglicanism

What was the religious and political conflict in the Holy Roman Empire which resulted in a war among many European Powers.

It was a Protestant vs. Catholic conflict

What was the war between the Protestants and Catholics called?

Thirty Years War

What was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years War?

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

What did the Treaty of Wesphalia promote?

religious tolerance and recognized sovereign states

Discovered heliocentrism

Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei

Discovered planetary motion laws

Johannes Kepler

Who discovered Gravity and Motion

Issac Newton

Implemented Inductive reasoning, empiricism

Francis Bacon

discovered “I think, therefore I am,” rationalism

Rene Descartes

What ideas were created during the Enlightenment?

Natural Rights

Separation of Powers

Freedom of speech and religion

social contract

What figure (from the Enlightenment) impacted ideas on the Declaration of Independence?

John Locke (right to overthrow the government)

What figure (from the Enlightenment) impacted ideas on the Constitution?

Montesquieu (Separation of powers)

What figure (from the Enlightenment) impacted ideas on the Bill of Rights?

Rousseau (Popular sovereignty)

Why did the French Revolution happen?

Economic Crisis

Inequality (due to estate system)

Who consisted of the First Estate

Clergy (privileged)

Who consisted of the Second Estate?

Nobility (privileged)

Who consisted of the Third Estate?

Everyone else (98% of population, overtaxed)

What did the Third Estate Want (demands)?

Fair taxation

representation in government

end of feudal privileges

rights and freedoms

What was the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen

It was a declaration in which everyone was equal and there was no special privileges to other estates.

What were the main points of the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen?

All men are born free and equal in rights

rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression

freedom of speech, press, and religion

Laws apply equally to citizens

Sovereignty rests with the people

What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen similar to?

English Bill of Rights & American Bill of Rights

Was Napoleon Bonaparte a hero or villain?

He was both, he did good and bad deeds.

How did Napoleon rule?

with a centralized power under a strong authoritarian regime

What were the positives of Napoleon’s reign?

Napoleonic code

educational reforms

meritocracy

what is the Napoleonic code?

A unified legal system, equality for all men, and religious tolerance

What were the negatives of Napoleon’s rule?

Wars and invasions

Authoritarian rule

failed campaign

What factors encouraged the industrial revolution

Due to resources such as coal, iron

political stability

innovation

What were the positives of the industrial revolution

economic growth

urbanization

rising middle class

What were the negatives of the industrial revolution

poor working conditions

child labor

inequality

What were the reasons for new colonization in the age of New Imperialism

Economic

Political

Military

Cultural/Racial

Religious

What countries participated in Imperialism?

Britain

France

Germany

Belgium

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Netherlands

USA (later)

Japan (later)

What areas were colonized during the age of the Imperialism

Africa

Asia

the Pacific Islands

parts of the middle East

What is the Scramble for Africa?

Rapid invasion and colonization of Africa which was divided between the European powers

Impacts on Imperialist Countries

Economic gain

boosted national pride and status

military and geopolitical advantages

Impacts on colonized countries

exploitation of people and resources

destruction of traditional cultures

Arbitrary borders led to conflict and instability

Some infrastructure improvements

Resistance and uprisings

What were the MAIN causes of WW1

Militarism - Nations built up a strong military

Alliances - Complex system of alliances dragged multiple countries into conflict

Imperialism - competition for colonies increased tensions

Nationalism - pride in one’s nation, led to ethic tensions and rivalries

What is the trigger for WW1

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist

Which countries were the Allies

France

Britain

Russia

US

Which countries were the Axis

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire

Bulgaria

How did the Treaty of Versailles begin the fuse for WW2

It left Germany humiliated and rageful causing Hitler rise to power

Who were the dictators which rose to power during the beginning of WW2

Adolf Hitler (Germany)

Benito Mussolini (Italy)

Josef Stalin (USSR)

Emperor Hirohito (Japan)

Prime Minister Hideki Tojo (Japan)

What was the appeasement policy

Western Democracies allowed Hitler to take land in hopes of avoiding a war but, it caused the opposite.

When did America join the WW2 and why?

America joined in 1941 due to declaring war on Japan because of the Pearl harbor bombing.

What did America do in WW2 to cease the warfare?

US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

What happened immediately after WW2

Cold War

What was the Cold War about

A period of political tension where there was military rivalry, and technological competition (there was no real war)

Why did the Cold War begin

America wanted to stop communism and USSR wanted to spread communism

What were the proxy wars caused due to the Cold Wars

Korean War (1950-1953) 

North Korea (communist, backed by USSR/ China)invaded South Korea. 

The US and UN intervened 

Result: Stalemate, Korea still divided at the 38th parallel. 

Vietnam War (1955-1975) 

North Vietnam (communist) vs. South Vietnam (non-communist) 

The US supported the South 

Result: US withdrew, and North Vietnam won, uniting the country under communism.