(Slide 9-15) Peritoneum, Major Peritoneal Folds, mouth, salivary glands

What is the largest serous membrane in the body?

The peritoneum

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

• Visceral peritoneum

• Parietal peritoneum

What peritoneal layer lines organs in the cavity?

Visceral Peritoneum

What peritoneal layer line the entire cavity?

Parietal Peritoneum

What is full of serous fluid and is between the visceral and parietal peritoneum?

Peritoneal Cavity

The outer most layer of Intraperitoneal organs is made of?

Serosa

The outer most layer of Retroperitoneal organs is made of?

Adventitia

Organs that are retroperitoneal are positioned against the?

Posterior wall outside of the parietal peritoneum

What systems are the retroperitoneal organs associated with?

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Cardiovascular

What is a mnemonic use to remember retroperitoneal organs?

SAD PUCKER

• S — Suprarenal (adrenal) glands

• A — Aorta (and inferior vena cava)

• D — Duodenum (2nd–4th parts)

• P — Pancreas (except the tail)

• U — Ureters

• C — Colon (ascending and descending)

• K — Kidneys

• E — Esophagus

• R — Rectum (partially retroperitoneal)

What organs are intraperitoneal?

Stomach, liver, spleen, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, cecum, appendix, tail of pancreas, upper rectum.

What is the inflammation of the peritoneum caused by:

• Ruptured Appendix

• Stomach Ulcer

• Pancreatitis

• Cirrhosis

Peritonitis

What are the 5 Major Peritoneal Folds?

• Greater Omentum

• Falciform Ligament

• Lesser Omentum

• Mesentery

• Mesocolon

What peritoneal fold is an apron-like structure that lies superficial to the small intestine and transverse colon; a site of fat deposition in people who are overweight?

Greater Omentum

• also called the fatty apron

What is the biggest peritoneal fold?

Greater Omentum

What peritoneal fold anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and inferior border of the diaphragm?

Falciform Ligament

What peritoneal fold suspends the lesser curvature of stomach from the inferior border of the liver; provides a pathway for structures connecting to the liver?

Lesser Omentum

What peritoneal fold is a vertical band of tissue anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and anchoring all of the small intestine except the initial portion (the duodenum)?

Mesentery

What peritoneal fold attaches two portions of the large intestine (the transverse and sigmoid colon) to the posterior abdominal wall?

Mesocolon

What are the upper GI tract organs and accessory structures?

• Oral cavity and salivary glands

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Duodenum (discussed with small intestine)

Where does mechanical and chemical digestion being?

The mouth

What are the two distinct regions of the mouth?

• Vestibule

• Oral Cavity Proper

What are the functions of the mouth?

• Ingests food

• Chews and mixes food

• Begins chemical breakdown of carbohydrates (amylase)

• Moves food into the pharynx

• Begins breakdown of lipids via lingual lipase (activated in the stomach)

What enzyme begins chemical carbohydrate digestion?

Salivary Amylase

What are the other functions of the mouth (specifically saliva)?

• Moistens and dissolves food, allowing you to taste it

• Cleans and lubricates the teeth and oral cavity

• Has some antimicrobial activity

What type of foods are chemically digested in the mouth?

Carbohydrates

Where does the break down of lipids (not chemical digestion) being and how?

The mouth

• lingual lipase

How is lingual lipase activated?

When it reaches the low pH of the stomach

What forms in the mouth after:

• chewing (mechanical digestion)

• mixing with saliva (chemical digestion + lubrication)

A bolus

Where are lipids chemically digested?

Small Intestine

• begins in the mouth b/c that is where lingual lipase is made, but not active

Where are proteins chemically digested?

Stomach

What is the area between the gum line, cheeks and lips?

• outside the teeth but inside the lips/cheeks

Vestibule

Where are palatine tonsils located?

Oropharynx

• just behind oral cavity

What are the two arches that the palatine tonsil is in between called?

• Palatoglossal Arch

• Palatopharyngeal Arch

What is the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx?

Fauces

What are the three frenulums we need to know?

• Superior labial frenulum

• Lingual frenulum

• Inferior labial frenulum

What frenulum is under the tongue?

Lingual Frenulum

What frenulum attaches the upper lip to the gum line?

Superior labial frenulum

What frenulum attaches the lower lip to the gum line?

Inferior labial frenulum

The visceral peritoneum extends between viscera?

Binding organs together

• It doesn’t just cover organs, it folds, drapes, and weaves between them

Where is the oral cavity proper located?

• Inside the teeth, surrounding the tongue

What does the oral cavity proper (specifically the saliva) contain that has antimicrobial activity?

• An enzyme called Lysozome

What are the two ducts that bring saliva made by the salivary glands into our mouth?

• Parotid Duct

  • Vestibule

• Submandibular Duct

  • Oral cavity proper

Submandibular duct is open to the?

Oral cavity proper

Parotid duct is open to the?

Vestibule

Major salivary glands lie and empty?

• Outside the oral cavity (extrinsic)

• Their contents into ducts that open into the oral cavity.

When it means extrinsic in the oral cavity, it is talking about where?

In the vestibular area

What are the 3 pairs of major extrinsic salivary glands?

• Parotid

• Submandibular

• Sublingual

How much saliva do we produce a day?

1.0-1.5 L of saliva/day

How acidic is saliva?

Slighty Acidic

• pH: 6.4-6.8

What is saliva made of?

• Water

  • ~99.5

• Electrolytes

• Digestive Enzymes

  • Salivary Amylase

  • Lingual Lipase

• Proteins

What type of salivary glands make salivary amylase?

Extrinsic Salivary Glands

What type of salivary glands make lingual lipase?

Intrinsic Salivary Glands

What proteins are in saliva?

• Mucin

• Lysozymes

• Defensins

• IgA

  • found in secretions

How does mucin become mucus?

When combined with water

Where are the parotid extrinsic salivary glands located?

• Anterior to the ear

• Slightly inferior to the ear

• Extends over the masseter muscle

• Largest salivary gland

Where are the submandibular extrinsic salivary glands located?

• Beneath the mandible (under the jaw)

• Sits in the submandibular triangle of the neck

• Wraps around the posterior edge of the mylohyoid muscle

Where are the sublingual extrinsic salivary glands located?

• Under the tongue

• In the floor of the mouth

• Lateral to the submandibular duct

Where are the intrinsic glands that secrete lingual lipase located?

• Unicellular salivary glands

• In the mucous membrane of oral cavity

• Tongue

What antibody is found in secretions?

IgA

How does the autonomic nervous system regulate salivation?

• Parasympathetic Stimulation → Increases Salivation

• Sympathetic Stimulation → Decreases Salivation → Dry mouth