a+p 2 unit one study

Releasing hormones (RH)

Source: hypothalamus; Target: anterior pituitary; Effect: stimulate release of pituitary hormones

Inhibiting hormones (IH)

Source: hypothalamus; Target: anterior pituitary; Effect: suppress hormone release

GHRH

Source: hypothalamus; Target: anterior pituitary; Effect: stimulates growth hormone release

GHIH (somatostatin)

Source: hypothalamus; Target: anterior pituitary; Effect: inhibits growth hormone release

TRH

Source: hypothalamus; Target: anterior pituitary; Effect: stimulates TSH release

CRH

Source: hypothalamus; Target: anterior pituitary; Effect: stimulates ACTH release

GnRH

Source: hypothalamus; Target: anterior pituitary; Effect: stimulates FSH and LH release

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Source: liver; Stimulus: growth hormone; Target: bones and tissues; Effect: mediates growth effects of GH

Thyroid hormones negative feedback

High T3/T4 inhibit TRH and TSH release

Cortisol negative feedback

High cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH release

Sex hormones negative feedback

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH

ADH inhibition

Low blood osmolarity and alcohol inhibit ADH release

Oxytocin feedback loop

Positive feedback during labor and breastfeeding

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Source: heart atria; Stimulus: high blood volume; Target: kidneys; Effect: lowers blood pressure by increasing Na+ excretion

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Source: kidneys; Stimulus: low oxygen; Target: bone marrow; Effect: increases red blood cell production

Parathyroid hormone regulation

PTH release increases when Ca2+ decreases and decreases when Ca2+ rises

Insulin secretion mechanism

High glucose stimulates beta cells to release insulin

Glucagon secretion mechanism

Low glucose stimulates alpha cells to release glucagon

Cortisol effects on metabolism

Increases gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and protein breakdown

Aldosterone regulation

Increased by angiotensin II and high potassium

Epinephrine metabolic effects

Increases glycogen breakdown and blood glucose

Norepinephrine vascular effects

Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure

Melatonin regulation

Released in darkness, inhibited by light

Estrogen feedback effects

Can be negative or positive depending on cycle phase

Progesterone feedback effects

Primarily negative feedback on LH and FSH

FSH role in females

Stimulates follicle growth and estrogen secretion

FSH role in males

Stimulates spermatogenesis

LH role in females

Triggers ovulation and progesterone secretion

LH role in males

Stimulates testosterone production

Prolactin inhibition

Normally inhibited by dopamine

Oxytocin additional role

Enhances bonding and maternal behavior

ADH alternate name

Vasopressin

Cortisol classification

Glucocorticoid

Aldosterone classification

Mineralocorticoid

Epinephrine classification

Catecholamine

Thyroid hormone composition

Iodine-containing amine hormone

Steroid hormone characteristic

Lipid-soluble and require carrier proteins

Peptide hormone characteristic

Water-soluble and act via second messengers