Module 1: Pharmacology (copy)

1000 g =

1 kg

___ tsp= 5mL

1

how should you position a client’s head for nasal drug administration

position head to target sinus

drug-herb interactions

herbs interacting w drugs

distribution is

movement of drugs through the body

define pharmacology

scientific study of the biological effects of chemicals

_____ are chemicals introduced into the body to induce change

drugs

who administers drugs?

nurses

drugs are used for (3)

treat, prevent, and diagnose disease

drug sources (5)

Chemicals, plants, inorganic compounds, animal byproducts, and synthetic sources

what does a chemical have to do to become a drug?

has to have therapeutic value and efficacy

what are 4 inorganic compounds

aluminum, fluorine, gold, and iron

how does a plant become a drug

a synthetic version of the active chemical found in the plant will be processed

what do animal byproducts replace?

human chemicals

why are animal byproducts necessary?

they will produce what the patient’s body will not

the ideal drug is (3)

effective, safe, and selective

what are the 3 drug effects?

therapeutic, adverse, and side

what is the therapeutic effect?

good and what the drug is intended for

what is the adverse effect?

bad, can be fatal or life threatening, will result in discontinuation of drug

what is the side effect?

common and usually mild but can be unpleasant effects not life threatening

pharmacokinetics

body on drugs

four phases of pharmacokinetics

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

absorption is

how the drug gets into the body

what is the fastest transport system

blood

what is the safest transport system

oral

metabolism is

the drug being converted into its active/ less active form

main organ in metabolism

liver

excretion is

the removal of the drug from the body

main organ in excretion

kidneys

who is likely to have unhealthy kidneys

elderly and infants

what undesirable effects can unhealthy kidneys have

the patient can struggle to rid the body of the administered drug

pharmacodynamics

drug on the body

agonist

good drugs

antagonist (aka __________)

blockers, bind to active site and prevet agonist from being effective

potency

strength of drug based on dose/concentration

efficacy

the effect we want the drug to cause

therapeutic index

when a drug becomes toxic/ the concentration at which the drug is effective

oral medication

prolonged effect of drug, takes longer to be in effect

IV

instant effect, wears off quicker than oral route

loading dose

higher dose of medication to kickstart therapeutic index, drug will be given in a smaller dose after loading dose to keep drug in therapeutic index

what is tolerance

the body can become tolerant to some drugs causing them to not work or produce effects on the body

what are some causes of tolerance

prolonged exposure to the drug

typical solution for tolerance?

increased dosage of medication

what regulates drugs in the usa

FDA

what does the fda do?

regulate drugs, tests drugs, makes sure theyre safe for the public

what does the dea do?

works with controlled substances

who determines the abuse potential of drugs?

FDA

who enforces controls of controlled substances?

DEA

what are the schedules of classified drugs? least to most potential of abuse

Schedule 5- schedule 1

schedule 1

high abuse potential, no accepted medical use

schedule 2

high abuse potential w severe dependence, accepted medical use

schedule 3

less abuse potential and moderate dependence includes some control but not a lot

schedule 4

less abuse potential, limited dependence

schedule 5

limited abuse potential, may be OTC medicatiosn

teratogenic

chemical or drugs that causes adverse effects to a fetus

categories of drugs for pregnancy safety

a-x

A

OK to be used based on studies

B

may be ok in humans

c

caution

d

do not use

x

risks outweigh the benefits

types of drug naming (3)

chemical, generic, and trade/brand

chemical drug naming

chemical structure, not used by nurses

generic drug naming

original designation of drug, safe effective and cost-effective

trade/ brand naming

given to by pharmaceutical company (ibuprofen)

orphan drugs

drugs that are created for very rare disease, not owned by anyone, made in other countries and not approved by the fda, may have adverse effects

OTC drugs

no prescription required, grandfathered (used to need a prescription but has been proven safe for OTC use), tested and regulated by the FDA, NEED TO KNOW IF PATIENT IS TAKING ANY OTC DRUGS

Vitamins

fat and water soluble, NEED TO KNOW WHAT VITAMINS A PATIENT IS TAKING

fat soluble vitamins

found naturally in the body, can have too much

water soluble vitamins

b vitamins, excreted by kidneys

drug labeling

name, generic name, strength, lot #, expiration date, manufacturing company, how to store drug, administration, warnings, NDC number (identification of drug)

package inserts

prepared by manufacturers, chemical and study info, intended targets are healthcare professionals

factors that influence drug effects

age, dosage, body weight, attitude, tolerance, interactions w other drugs, purity of drug, method of administration, rates of absorption and metabolism, general health

drug-drug interaction

two drugs reacting to one another

pharmacokinetic drugs

can cause drugs to not work or can cause them to become toxic depending on drug plasma concentration

drug-food interaction

results from drugs interacting with food and or beverages

herbs (aka )

alternatives, may mask serious underlying conditions

adverse drug reactions | toxicity:

drug accumulation ( increased adverse effects)

allergic reactions are

largely unpredictable

idiosyncratic effect

unexpected reactions the first time a drug is given

lactogenic disease

affects production of breastmilk and can be transferred to child through breastmilk

physical dependence

when one requires a drug to function

carcinogenic effect

drugs that cause cancer

teratogenic effect

drugs that harm fetuses

teratogenicity

drugs that can result in death or congenital defects

organ specific toxicity | nephrotoxicity

medications can cause damage to nephrons, decreased ability to excrete waste, inability to maintain body fluid and electrolyte balance

hepatotoxicity

oral drugs are absorbed and passed through the liver

dermatologic reactions

affect the skin (rashes)

superinfections

overuse of antibiotics

blood dyscrasia

drugs that affect your blood system, can decrease blood marrow (higher cancer risks)

altered glucose metabolism

drugs can make your glucose high and low

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

hypokalemia

low serum of potassium

hypokalemia symptoms

cramps, tingliness, numbness, NVD, weakness, disorientation

hyperkalemia

weakness, muscle cramps, EKG abnormalities (spiked T wave)

ocular toxicity

vision toxicity (blurred vision, blindness, color vision changes, corneal damage)

ototoxicity

balance as well as hearing, damage to hearing, dizziness, tinnitus, loss of balance, hearing loss

what can cause ototoxicity

pushing a medication too fast