art content praxis

Elements of art

color, texture, shape, form, line, space, and value

Color characteristics

Hue (red, green etc)

Intensity (bright or dull)

Value (light or dark)

Primary colors

⭐️🦋🍎

Secondary colors

Result of mixing 2 primary colors 🍊🍆🍏

Tertiary colors

In between primary and secondary colors (blue-green or red-orange)

Colors

Color wheel

Texture

How something feels, appear to feel (real or implied)

Shapes

Geometric vs organic

Form

Describes shape of artwork; 3D art such as sculpture

Line

Used to define a shape; path between 2 points

Space

Foreground, middle ground, background of artwork; positive and negative space

Value

Lightness or darkness of a color

Color wheel

Representation of color spectrum; made up of 12 colors in a circle

Monochromatic

One color

Analogous

Using colors that touch each other on color wheel

Complementary

Colors that are on opposite ends of color wheel 🦋🍊

Split complementary

Use 3 colors, one primary and two complementary

Triadic color scheme

Uses 3 equally spaced colors (red, yellow, blue)

Principles of design

Balance, contrast, movement, emphasis, pattern, rhythm and unity

Balance

artwork’s visual weight; symmetrical or asymmetrical

Contrast

Artwork’s elements juxtaposed against each other to create interesting differences

Movement

Elements to lead the viewer throughout the piece

Emphasis

Creates focal point in artwork

Pattern

Repeating elements in same order

Rhythm

Repeating elements without a specific order

Unity

Harmony throughout the artwork created by elements working together

Composition

How an artwork is organized

Drawing

First used on cave walls 10,000 bc

Egyptians started 3000 bc

Used to study and record nature and anatomy

Pencils were first manufactured in the

1800s

Charcoal

Early drawing material from slowly burned wood; used for cave drawings

Red chalk

Made from iron oxide pigment and refined clay. Popular 16th and 17th centuries

Black chalk

Carbonaceous shale softer then red chalk

White chalk

Calcium carbonate or soapstone, used for highlights

Conté crayon

1800s: made in red black and white; harder then chalk and produce smoother lines

Graphite

1500s: form of carbon

Ink

Liquid pigment can be used with a pen or brush

Pens

First made with bird feathers (quills) and reeds and later metal tips

Tortillon

Piece of paper wrapped up tightly ending in a point that can be used to blend pencil in charcoal drawings

Maulstick

A stick with a padded head, used to rest and support your hand to keep it steady while drawing or painting

A commonly used drawing surface in the Middle Ages was (made from animal skin)

Parchment

Paper was first created in

AD 105 in China

Hot pressed paper

smooth

Cold pressed paper

Texture

Contour drawing

Seeks to define the outline of an object, and it can contain as much or as little detail as the artist desires

Blind contour

Used by an artist to practice, sketching, and perception. The artist will look directly at the subject and draw a contour without looking back at their paper.

Gesture drawing

A technique used to quickly capture the action in form of a model or subject. Can be completed in little as 30 to 60 seconds with loose lines.

Hatching

A technique that uses closely placed parallel lines to create shading and tones

Crosshatching

when hatching is used perpendicular to itself, creating heavier, shades, and tones

Shading

Add depth and form to an artwork

Oil painting

Developed as a fine art, painting, medium in 15 century in northern Europe

Oil paint

Made from a pigment suspended in a drying oil; manufacted in 18th century

Watercolor

Created by adding pigment to a gum arabic binder

Egg tempera

Created by adding pigment to egg yolk

Gouache

Created with gum arabic as the binder, but it also has a filler added to make the paint opaque

Drying oils

Can be added to oil paint to decrease drying times and then the consistency; linseed an poppy oil

Primer

Base for painting (gesso)

Masking fluid

Cover areas of paper that are needed to stay white for highlights for watercolors

Palette

A basic piece of wood or masonite or structure with divots for each color

Underpainting

Technique used for oil and acrylic painting to create a base for a finished painting

Glazing

Technique used with oil paints to layer transparent color over a dried opaque color

Dry brush

Technique used with water-based and oil-based paints. For acrylic and watercolor brush is loaded with paint after the water is squeezed or blotted out of it. With oil, brush is loaded with paint after oil or medium is squeezed or blotted. Creates scratchy looking texture

Sgraffito

Technique of scratching through a layer of paint to reveal the layer or surface underneath

Wet on wet

Watercolor technique in which the artist paints onto already wet paper

Wash

Technique of adding large area of color to a watercolor painting

Flat wash

Large area of one color and graded wash goes from one color gradually to white or another color

Plein air

Painting technique that entails painting outdoors

Alla prima

Painting technique that entails painting wet oil paint onto wet layers that have not dried

Trompe-l’oeil

Type of painting meant to depict objects in a realistic way to produce the optical illusion that the objects exist in 3D

Impasto

Painting technique in which the paint is laid onto surface very thickly with a brush or palette knife

Who discovered geometric perspective in 1413

Renaissance artist filippo brunelleschi

Apprentice

Someone who learned to be an artist by working under a master artist

Brayer

A hand tool usee for printmaking to smooth out the ink and then roll it onto the printmaking surface for a relief print

Burnisher

Smooth metal tool that is used to smooth the surface of a metal intaglio printing plate

Plate

Copper or zinc sheet of metal used for intaglio printmaking

Gouge

Used in relief printmaking to cut away parts that wont hold ink. V and U shaped. Used on linoleum or wood

Intaglio

A printmaking technique in which the image is carved into a surface and the ink is held in those lines for printing

Lithography

When the artist uses a greasy medium such as a crayon or ink to produce an image on limestone or aluminum

Relief printing

Any method in which a raised surface is used to produce the image; commonly done with linoleum and wood. for example, letterpress

Screen printing

Also called silkscreening where ink is pressed through a fine screen to produce the print

Collography

Printmaking technique in which same heighted materials of various textures are attached to a surface. Ink is then rolled onto the textured surface, and a print is produced

Frottage

Print making technique in which the artist gets an impression of the surface of a material 🪙

Monotype

Only produces one print

Stamping

Relief print, making where a stamp can be made from rubber wax or other materials, the shape will produce the image is cut into the material with the negative space cut away

Mezzotint

Print making technique in which the artist works from dark to light

Aquatint

Another way to create tonal effects in a print

Humans began making small figures out of clay around

24,000 bc

First functional pottery and brick were made in

9,000 or 10,000 bc

Glazes discovered in Egypt around

8,000 bc

Potters wheel was used in Central America around

3,000 bc

Porcelain was developed in China during the Han Dynasty around

206 bc - ad 220

First known prehistoric sculptures from the Stone Age, approximately

230,000 bc (made from basalt and quartz)

Venuses

Figures shaped as obese women possibly related to fertility. Found from the Stone Age

Mesolithic sculpture (10k-4k bc)

Included freestanding sculptures and bas relief works

Neolithic (4k-2k bc)

Bronze statuettes were created

The renaissance ( ad 1400-1600)

Was a “rebirth” of classical ideas and the sculptures created figures with great realism Michelangelo simoni is considered the greatest Renaissance sculpture

Relief

Is a sculpture in which the sculptural elements are attached to a solid background.

Bas relief

The final sculpture has a shallow death and is not raised far from the background. Coins are a good example of this.

Haut relief

This is when more than half of the sculptural form is projecting from the background heads and limbs might be completely detached from the background. many ancient Greek relief sculptures use this technique

Earthenware

Earliest clay use. Fired less than 1200 degress celcius. Brown, orange, or red in raw and fired state. More porous than stoneware or porcelain and less durable

Stoneware

A mid to high fire clay that ranges from light gray to brown one fired. Non-porous more opaque than