Macromolecules

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25 Terms

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Lipids

A category of macromolecules that are generally non-polar and include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

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Triglycerides

Lipids commonly referred to as fat, used to store energy and insulate the body.

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Phospholipids

Lipids that make up cell membranes, characterized by having both polar and non-polar regions (amphipathic).

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Steroids

A category of lipids that act as signaling molecules, produced from cholesterol.

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Monosaccharide

The monomer of carbohydrates, simple sugars like glucose and fructose.

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Polysaccharide

The polymer of carbohydrates, larger molecules like starch and glycogen used for energy storage.

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Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules formed from nucleotides, including DNA and RNA, which are involved in genetic information and protein synthesis.

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Amino Acid

The monomer of proteins, of which 20 have been identified, that combine in specific sequences to form proteins.

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Denaturation

A process that alters a protein's structure due to high temperatures or extreme pH, affecting its function.

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Quaternary Level of Structure

The highest level of protein structure formed when multiple polypeptide chains combine to function.

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Enzyme

A protein that acts as a catalyst to accelerate a biochemical reaction.

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Substrate

The reactant molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

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Active Site

The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

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pH

A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for cellular processes.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods with carbon dioxide and water.

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Cell Membrane

A biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of the cell from the external environment.

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Ribosome

A molecular machine that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.

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Gene

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein.

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Chromosome

A thread-like structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information.

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits or diseases.

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Osmosis

The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher concentration.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Homeostasis

The process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.