HUMAN GEO UNIT 3

What type of culture contains a large heterogenous population that is typically urban and has its changes in cultural traits? Common with fashion

What type of culture contains a large heterogenous population that is typically urban and has its changes in cultural traits? Common with fashion

Popular Culture

What type of culture includes a homogenous population that is typically smaller and rural?

Folk Culture

Culture can be sustained by a variety of methods by seeking out a local culture. In Lindsborg, Kansas Swedish festivals are held and the townspeople, whether Swedish or not, participate. What is this an example of?

Neo-localism

Cultural Traits

Traits that are visible about a culture on the surface

• Food preferences

• Architecture

• Land use

Cultural Relativism

Evaluation of another culture by that cultures own standards. Embracing of other cultures

Ethnocentrism

Evaluation of another culture by your own cultures own values. Often leads to prejudice.

Xenophobia

Fear and distaste of another culture based on differences they have to your own culture.

Cultural Landscape

How people shape their physical landscape based on their culture.

• Agricultural and Industrial practices

• Religion(temples, mosques, religious buildings)

• Linguistic Characteristics

• Sequent Occupance(influence of multiple cultures on one place overtime)

• Traditional and Postmodern Architecture

Placenesness

When a place is stripped of its unique culture usually due to economic purposes and globalization

Sequent Occupance

Cultural marks left on the landscape by each group of people that have occupied a place over history(group project, kind of)

Traditional Architecture

Architecture constructed for local people with local material

Modernist Architecture

Architecture prioritizing function over form

Postmodernist Architecture

Architecture prioritizing form over function. Culturally expressive.

Ethnicity

Cultural traits a group of people share that distinguish them from other groups. Usually cannot be seen with the naked eye alone.

Ethnic Enclave

Place where a group of people that share a culture congregate and live.

How does cultural identity impact the way people occupy a space?

• Ethnicity

• Gender(women in the workplace, womens role in society)

• Ethnic Neighborhoods(either due to congregation or forced segregation like in the US)

• Indigenous Communities(indian reservations)

Placemaking

Process of people modifying the landscape to live in a place

Sense of Place

When people think about a place and fill it with meaning. How you view a place based on your own experience through your senses.

What factors contribute to peoples sense of place?

• Language(dialects)

• Religion

• Ethnicity

Centripetal Forces

Forces that bring different people together like religion and language

Centrifugal Forces

Forces that separate people like differences in language and different sects of religion and ethnicity(ex. Sunni and Shia Islam)

Cultural Diffusion

Process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another.

Cultural Hearth

Place where a specific culture or practice began.

Relocation Diffusion

Diffusion caused by people relocating and bringing new ideas to places

• Can be forced through colonization or slow through immigration

Culture is also sustained when objects or ideas are brought or sold in the world market when previously they were not intended to be traded. An example would be Himalayan herbal cures being sold in a local store in the United States. What is this called?

Commodification

Expansion Diffusion

Spread of cultural traits without the relocation of the people who belong to the original culture.

Contagious Diffusion

Cultural trait spreading rapidly to other areas without regard for class and social differences(ex. slang words)

Hierarchical Diffusion

Top down spread of a cultural trait. Spread from one group down to the rest of the population(ex. spread of hip hop in the late 1900s from urban to general population).

Stimulus Diffusion

Diffusion of not the exact cultural trait, but a new trait inspired by the cultural trait that adapts to the already existing culture(ex. Indian Mcdonalds doesn’t serve beef burgers due to Hinduism and sacred status of cows)

Imperialism

A powerful state enacts policies to extend power over another place

• Includes Colonialism

Colonialism

When one powerful state establishes settlements in another place for the purpose of economic or political gain

Scramble for Africa

Mass influx of European colonialism in Africa due to economic and religious reasons. Diffusion from this time period is still present today(ex. Algerians speak French as well as their native languages)

Historical Causes of Cultural Diffusion

• Colonialism and Imperialism

  • Scramble for Africa, slave trade

• Trade

Lingua Franca

Single language adopted by people of many different languages that facilitates communication, usually commerce(ex. English)

Creole Language

Two languages are combined to create a new language(ex. Afrikaans combines Dutch and African languages)

Large Scale Cultural Change(Reasons)

• Globalization(result of time space compression and technology!)

• Urbanization

What is the adoption of an element(s) of a culture by a member of another culture? It can be controversial especially if the element is adopted by a more dominant culture and not used in the same way.

Cultural Appropriation

How does urban culture diffuse?

• Media

• Technological Change

• Politics

• Economics(ex. online retailers)

Cultural Convergence

As two or more cultures interact, they begin to share each others traits and grow more similar

Time Space Compression/Convergence

Time and space between places shrinks, allowing more Cultural Convergence and globalization

• Makes different cultures less distinct as their interaction with each other increases

What type of diffusion is most associated with pop culture?

Contagious

Cultural Divergence

The processes that bring cultures together can also bring them apart. Cultures work to preserve themselves and uphold their distinct traits(ex. Amish people in America).

Language Family

Largest categorization of languages. All the languages in a family share a common ancestral language that no longer exists(ex. Indo European)

Language Branch

Languages within the same family that have distinct ways of speaking. Different language branches cannot understand each other, speakers within the same branch usually have overlapping characteristics.

Romantic Language Branch

Part of the Indo-European language family. Includes Spanish, French and Italian.

Germanic Language Branch

Part of the Indo-European language family. Includes English, German and Dutch

Languages and Dialects

Smallest categorization of languages

Universalizing Religions

Religions that appeal to people with a wide variety of cultures. Religions that seek to convert.

• Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism

• Spread faster and easier. Typically relocation and expansion diffusion.

Ethnic Religion

Religions tied very closely to specific cultural traits and ethnic groups.

• Hinduism, Judaism, Shintoism

• Tend to remain in their religious hearth and only diffuse through relocation.

Toponyms

Names of places, evidence of religious diffusion

Acculturation

When people in a culture adopt some traits of another culture while they simultaneously maintain their own cultural traits.

• Immigrants are often bilingual

Forced Assimilation

People are forced to adopt a new culture in favor of their old cultural practices and beliefs(ex. Native Americans in the US)

Voluntary Assimilation

People voluntarily let go of their old cultural practices in favor of a new culture. Can be due to discrimination and prejudice.

Syncretism

When two or more cultural traits blend together to create a new cultural trait.

Multiculturalism

Members of a cultural group do not fully assimilate and maintain their original cultural practices while other culture groups around them do the same.

In acculturation one begins to practice a more dominant culture but minority culture may still exist. What process is similar but eventually the minority culture disappears?

Assimilation

What is a cultures assumptions about the differences between men and women, it involves their roles in society and what they represent?

Gender

What is constructing identity based on skin color and other physical characteristics?

Race

What is the cultural practice of monetary or gift giving in exchange for marriage?

Dowry

What are assumptions and structures about who is in control or has power over others?

power relationships

What are variations of a standardized language?

Dialects

What is the most widely-distributed language family in the world which includes English and the Romance languages?

Indo European

What language family has one of the largest number of speakers, includes Mandarin, and is located mostly in China?

Sino Tibetan

Which language family includes Arabic and Hebrew and is found predominantly in North Africa and the Middle East?

Afro Asiatic

Which language family includes Bantu and Swahili and is found South of the Sahel in Africa?

Niger Congo

What is a country like Japan where a predominant one language is spoken?

Monolingual

What term describes streets being named after Martin Luther King or military bases using the names of famous generals?

Memorial Toponym

What term is given to describe societies that separate religious doctrine from government policy?

Secular

What term describes religions that believe in one god?

Monotheistic

What term describes religions that believe in multiple gods?

Polytheistic

What religion is centered in Utah, called the Church of Latter Day Saints, was founded by Joseph Smith, and is a universalizing faith?

Mormonism

What term is given to a state that is ruled by religious leaders where religion plays an integral part in the administration of a country?

Theocracy

What is the belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on earth?

Animism

What are boundaries between the worlds major faiths(several religions in a country)?

Interfaith(ex. Conflict between Muslims and Christians in Armenia)

What are boundaries within a single major faith(country has religious sects of one in a country)?

Intrafaith(Sunni vs Shia Islam)

Which religion has these characteristics?

• Torah

• No single founder

• Jerusalem

• Holocaust

• Rosh Hashanah

Judaism

Which religion has these characteristics?

• No single founder

• Vedas

• Reincarnation

• Brahma

• Caste System

Hinduism

Which religion has these characteristics?

• Siddhartha Gautama

• Pagodas

• Meditation

• Four Noble Truths

• Eightfold Path

Buddhism

Which religion has these characteristics?

• Mosques/Minarets

• Kaaba

• Muslims

• Quran

• Sunni/Shiite

Islam

Which religion has these characteristics?

• Crusades

• Vatican City

• Roman Catholic Church

Christianity

Which religion has these characteristics?

• The Analects

• Ancestor Worship

• Relationships, yin and yang

• Tibet

Confucianism

Which religion has these characteristics?

• Tibet

• Enlightenment

Shintoism

Which religion has these characteristics?

• Ancestor Worship

• Tibet

• Enlightenment

• Relationships, yin and yang

Daoism

Which religions have their hearth in the Middle East?

Christianity, Islam, Judaism

Which religions have their hearth in the Tibet region?

Taoism, Confucianism, Shintoism

Which religions have their hearth in South Asia?

Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism

Cultural Complex

Multiple, Inter-related traits

Cultural Realms

Regions that exhibit related cultural traits

Apartheid

African era of segregation and discrimination towards black people.

Amalgamation

Multiple ethnicities eventually combine to become one(Cultural Convergence)