Era of the Divine Right Rulers and the Modern Nation State

im tired,

Absolute Monarch

Someone with Absolute Power, believed to be given to them by God

Charles V

grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, part of the Hapsburg family.

What land did Charles V rule over?

Spain, various parts of Europe and Africa

Calvinism

The idea that your fate is predetermined/those destined to heaven became rich and those destined for hell were poor

Philip II

Groomed by his father (Charles V) to become emperor

Elizabeth I

Used the possibility of marriage for political power

The Battle of Lepanto

1571- Spanish victory over the (Islamic) Ottoman Navy

Spanish Armada

1588- Spanish Army sent to overthrow Elizabeth I and reinstate Catholic beliefs in England and reinstate Spanish power

El Escorial

Built by order of Philip II- Spain’s greatest structure, serving as a royal burial chamber, monastery, church, palace, and government building

Who did the Hapsburg family defend Catholicism against?

Protestants

What were some of the causes of inflation in Spain?

Higher population and a surplus of silver

Why didn’t a middle class develop in Spain?

Artisans and Business people left, nobles didn’t pay taxes, and

What flowers became extremely valuable in the Netherlands?

Tulips

What were the reasons for Dutch revolt?

The Spanish raised their taxes and the Dutch were protestants

Absolute Monarch

A ruler who believed that all the power within state boundaries rested in their hands

Divine Right Ruler

Someone who believed that God chose them and gave them the right to rule

What did Louis mean when he said “I am the state“

He was the government and in full power

Under Louis’ control, France was …

The most powerful country in Europe

Why did the French people accept Louis as king?

Although he was oppressive, he provided order and stability

Why didn’t Louis like the nobility?

* They also had influence
* They kidnapped him as a child 😆

What did Louis call himself?

The Sun King

Whose power did Louis decrease?

The Nobles

Intendants

Government agents who collected taxes and administered justice

Bureaucracy

A government system where decisions are made by state officials instead of elected representatives

Mercantilism

Mass production to create a favourable balance of trade

Tariff

A tax on imports

Edict of Nantes

1598- Written by Henry to protect Huguenots’ freedom

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Main tenets of Calvinism:

* People can’t earn heaven
* Predestination/only the elect go to heaven
* Success in this life = heaven
* Don’t believe in purgatory

St. Bartholomew Massacre

Huguenots were invited to Paris to celebrate a marriage where they were instead killed. Started a six-week slaughter of Huguenots

Who killed Henry

A fanatic

What religion was Henry

Catholic

Richelieu

The Cardinal, who ruled over France with Louis XIII and weakened the power of Huguenots and aristocrats.

How did Richelieu reduce Huguenots?

He forbade protestant cities from having walls

How did Richelieu weaken aristocrats?

He gave more power to government agents from the middle class

Who didn’t Richelieu like?

The Hapsburg family

How tall was Louis XIII

5’5, but he wore heels

Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert

minister of finance, who set a high tariff to make France self-sufficient

How did Jean Baptiste Colbert strengthen French economy?

* Raised Tariffs
* Encouraged Colonies
* Put government funds into French companies

1685

Louis canceled the Edict of Nantes, forcing Huguenots out of the country and weakening the economy

What determined the success of a noble

Louis’ opinion of them

What was the purpose of French art during this time period?

To glorify Louis

Two accomplishments of Philip II

1. Triumph at the battle of Lepanto
2. Annexing Portugal

Two catastrophes under Philip II’s rule

1. Armada defeated by Queen Elizabeth I
2. Heresy and Reformations

What couldn’t Philip II find?

writing materials

Why did Philip II keep a large court?

So he could watch nobles and keep his power over them

What is the purpose of hooks on buildings in Amsterdam?

Shops used pulleys to move goods into the 3rd story

El Greco

Went from Greece → Italy → Catholic Spain

View of Toledo

(El Greco)

Adoration of the Shepherds

(El Greco)

Laocoon

(El Greco)