Studied by 12 peopleAbsolute Monarch
Someone with Absolute Power, believed to be given to them by God
Charles V
grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, part of the Hapsburg family.
What land did Charles V rule over?
Spain, various parts of Europe and Africa
Calvinism
The idea that your fate is predetermined/those destined to heaven became rich and those destined for hell were poor
Philip II
Groomed by his father (Charles V) to become emperor
Elizabeth I
Used the possibility of marriage for political power
The Battle of Lepanto
1571- Spanish victory over the (Islamic) Ottoman Navy
Spanish Armada
1588- Spanish Army sent to overthrow Elizabeth I and reinstate Catholic beliefs in England and reinstate Spanish power
El Escorial
Built by order of Philip II- Spain’s greatest structure, serving as a royal burial chamber, monastery, church, palace, and government building
Who did the Hapsburg family defend Catholicism against?
Protestants
What were some of the causes of inflation in Spain?
Higher population and a surplus of silver
Why didn’t a middle class develop in Spain?
Artisans and Business people left, nobles didn’t pay taxes, and
What flowers became extremely valuable in the Netherlands?
Tulips
What were the reasons for Dutch revolt?
The Spanish raised their taxes and the Dutch were protestants
Absolute Monarch
A ruler who believed that all the power within state boundaries rested in their hands
Divine Right Ruler
Someone who believed that God chose them and gave them the right to rule
What did Louis mean when he said “I am the state“
He was the government and in full power
Under Louis’ control, France was …
The most powerful country in Europe
Why did the French people accept Louis as king?
Although he was oppressive, he provided order and stability
Why didn’t Louis like the nobility?
They also had influence
They kidnapped him as a child 😆
What did Louis call himself?
The Sun King
Whose power did Louis decrease?
The Nobles
Intendants
Government agents who collected taxes and administered justice
Bureaucracy
A government system where decisions are made by state officials instead of elected representatives
Mercantilism
Mass production to create a favourable balance of trade
Tariff
A tax on imports
Edict of Nantes
1598- Written by Henry to protect Huguenots’ freedom
Huguenots
French Calvinists
Main tenets of Calvinism:
People can’t earn heaven
Predestination/only the elect go to heaven
Success in this life = heaven
Don’t believe in purgatory
St. Bartholomew Massacre
Huguenots were invited to Paris to celebrate a marriage where they were instead killed. Started a six-week slaughter of Huguenots
Who killed Henry
A fanatic
What religion was Henry
Catholic
Richelieu
The Cardinal, who ruled over France with Louis XIII and weakened the power of Huguenots and aristocrats.
How did Richelieu reduce Huguenots?
He forbade protestant cities from having walls
How did Richelieu weaken aristocrats?
He gave more power to government agents from the middle class
Who didn’t Richelieu like?
The Hapsburg family
How tall was Louis XIII
5’5, but he wore heels
Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert
minister of finance, who set a high tariff to make France self-sufficient
How did Jean Baptiste Colbert strengthen French economy?
Raised Tariffs
Encouraged Colonies
Put government funds into French companies
1685
Louis canceled the Edict of Nantes, forcing Huguenots out of the country and weakening the economy
What determined the success of a noble
Louis’ opinion of them
What was the purpose of French art during this time period?
To glorify Louis
Two accomplishments of Philip II
Triumph at the battle of Lepanto
Annexing Portugal
Two catastrophes under Philip II’s rule
Armada defeated by Queen Elizabeth I
Heresy and Reformations
What couldn’t Philip II find?
writing materials
Why did Philip II keep a large court?
So he could watch nobles and keep his power over them
What is the purpose of hooks on buildings in Amsterdam?
Shops used pulleys to move goods into the 3rd story
El Greco
Went from Greece → Italy → Catholic Spain
View of Toledo
(El Greco)
Adoration of the Shepherds
(El Greco)
Laocoon
(El Greco)
Note
Flashcard