Environmental Engineering

Synergism

The process where more harmful substances are produced from less harmful ones

a. Synergism

b. Eutrophication

c. Biomagnification

d. Thermal stratification

mesosphere

Part of the atmosphere where most of photochemical reactions take place.

a. stratosphere

b. mesosphere

c. ionosphere

d. troposphere

herbivores

Organisms that belong to the second trophic level.

a. omnivores

b. herbivores

c. carnivores

d. detritivores

niche

It is defined as the role of the organisms in the community

a. biotic factors

b. biomes

c. trophic level

d. niche

ammonification

Process where decomposers return back the nitrogen to the soils through the remains and waste of plants and animals.

a. ammonification

b. nitrogen fixation

c. denitrification

d. ammonolysis

biomagnification

Involves the accumulation of trace metals through each species of the food chain

a. biomagnification

b. thermal inversion

c. anaerobic respiration

d. eutrophication

nitrogen fixation

Process of converting nitrogen gas to ammonia is called __________.

a. ammonification

b. denitrification

c. nitrogen fixation

d. ammonolysis

detritivores

These organisms feed on the waste of the ecosystem.

a. omnivores

b. herbivores

c. carnivores

d. detritivores

dominant plant life

Biomes are distinguished or identified by its ________.

a. dominant plant life

b. climate

c. type of plants and animals

d. geographic location

anaerobic bacteria

Denitrification is carried out when bacteria break down nitrates and release nitrogen gas. What are these bacteria?

a. anaerobic bacteria

b. cyanobacteria

c. rhizobium

d. aerobic bacteria

bioaccumulation

Total uptake of chemicals by an organism from food items as well as via mass transport of dissolved chemicals.

a. bioaccumulation

b. biomagnification

c. bioconcentration

d. all of these

20

the permissible color for domestic water supply in ppm is

a. 5

b. 10

c. 15

d. 20

turbidity

The resistance of water to the passage of light through it is measure of the

a. color

b. turbidity

c. hardness

d. dissolved gases

Suspended and dissolved solids

The total solids in water are due to the presence of

a. Suspended and dissolved solids

b. Suspended and floating solids

c. Colloidal and settleable solids

d. Colloidal and bacterial load

hardness

Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of wastewater?

a. odor

b. turbidity

c. color

d. hardness

hydrogen sulfide

Gas responsible for the rotten egg odor of waste water.

a. ammonia

b. amines

c. mercaptans

d. hydrogen sulfide

cadmium

a trace metal which causes the Itai-itai disease is

a. cadmium

b. silver

c. mercury

d. chromium

eutrophication

it is a phenomenon that results in the overabundance of algae growth in bodies of water. it is also the natural process of nutrient enrichment that occurs over time in a body of water.

a. biomagnification

b. thermal inversion

c. anaerobic respiration

d. eutrophication

iron and manganese

The red brownish color of water is due to the presence of dissolved impurities of

a. bicarbonate

b. sulphate

c. arsenic

d. iron and manganese

dissolved CO2

The alkalinity of wastewater is due to the presence of the following except

a. ammonia

b. dissolved CO2

c. carbonate

d. bicarbonate

CaCO3

Hardness of water is usually expressed as parts per million of _________.

a. MgSO4

b. Na2CO3

c. CaCO3

d. CaCl2

BOD

which of the following maybe used to measure the assimilative capacity of a stream?

a. BOD

b. COD

c. ThOD

d. TOC

primary treatment

Type of wastewater treatment that employs physical and chemical treatment methods to remove or reduce a high percentage of suspend solids and toxic materials.

a. Primary Treatment

b. Secondary Treatment

c. Tertiary Treatment

d. Minor Treatment

screening

Process whereby coarse matter(suspended or floating) of a certain size can be strained out of flowing water with the aid of bars, fine wires or rocks.

a. screening

b. flotation

c. sedimentation

d. flocculation

sedimentation

Removal of all settleable particles rendered settleable under the influence of gravity, basically the theory of gravity under the influence of which all particles heavier than water tend to settle down.

a. screening

b. flotation

c. sedimentation

d. flocculation

water

Which of the following is not used as adsorbent material?

a. activated charcoal

b. Fuller's earth

c. silica gel

d. water

mud balls

Insufficient washing of sand grains in a rapid sand filter causes

a. air-binding

b. mud balls

c. shrinkage of media

d. expansion of media

sulfuric acid

Which of the following is not use for the disinfection of water?

a. ozone

b. chlorine

c. ultra-violet rays

d. sulfuric acid

pH = 6 to 9

Most aquatic organisms can survive in a pH range of about _________.

a. pH = 3 to 7

b. pH = 7 to 11

c. pH = 6 to 9

d. pH = 5 to 8

aluminum sulfate

Most commonly used coagulating agent.

a. aluminum sulfate

b. ferric sulfate

c. ferric chloride

d. sulfuric acid

Mathenoglobenemia

Nitrates more than 50 ppm in water leads to a disease called

a. Typhoid

b. Mathenoglobenemia

c. Gastroenteritis

d. Mottled tee

sterilization

The process of killing infective bacteria in water is called

a. coagulation

b. screening

c. sterilization

d. sedimentation

Residual chlorine

The amount of chlorine available in water after the disinfection is called

a. Free chlorine

b. Residual chlorine

c. Free available chlorine

d. Combines available chlorine

temporary hardness

What substance in water is removed by Lime Soda Process?

a. Odor and taste

b. permanent hardness

c. Iron and manganese

d. temporary hardness

coagulation

An electrochemical process used in the removal of colloidal matter in wastewater through reduction of electrostatic charges surrounding the solids.

a. coagulation

b. neutralization

c. flocculation

d. precipitation

sludge

These are accumulated solids removed from separation equipment such as settling tanks and clarifiers.

a. flocs

b. suspended solids

c. total dissolved solids

d. sludge

chlorination

Water treatment that destroys disease-causing bacteria, nuisance bacteria, parasites and other organisms and removes soluble iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide from water.

a. disinfection

b. chlorination

c. flocculation

d. coagulation

minimata

A neurological disease characterized by trembling, inability to walk and speak and even serious convulsions that can lead to death due to ingestion of mercury

a. scurvy

b. minimata

c. itai-itai

d. argyria

secondary treatment

Type of wastewater treatment that employs biological methods to remove fine suspended, colloidal and dissolved organics by biochemical oxidation.

a. Primary Treatment

b. Secondary Treatment

c. Tertiary Treatment

d. Minor Treatment

biological treatment is most practical

A wastewater with a BOD/COD = 1 indicates that _________

a. chemical treatment is required

b. biological treatment is most practical

c. the wastewater is highly polluted

d. does not indicate anything

activated sludge process

A continuous re-circulating aerobic biochemical process that keeps cells in suspended growth

a. activated sludge process

b. trickling filters

c. stabilization ponds

d. aerated lagoon

Total count test

When a sample of water is added to a medium of agar and incubated at 37C for 24 hours, colonies of bacteria formed are countered. This test is called

a. Total Count Test

b. Presumptive Test

c. Confirmative Test

d. Completed Test

dissolved gases

Aeration of water is done to remove

a. suspended impurities

b. floating impurities

c. dissolved salts

d. dissolved gases

DENR Administrative Order No. 34

Legislation that presents the revised water usage and classification.

a. DENR Administrative Order No. 34

b. Philippine Clean Air Act of 2004

c. Water Code of the Philippines

d. Republic Act 9003

Class B

class of water intended for primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.

a. Class AA

b. Class A

c. Class B

d. Class C

superadiabatic

what is the atmospheric condition when the lapse rate is >10C/km?

a. adiabatic

b. subadiabatic

c. superadiabatic

d. none of these

Kyoto Protocol

a global treaty that aims to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases.

a. Stockholm Convention

b. Montreal Protocol

c. Kyoto Protocol

d. none of these

Agenda 21

This provides the blue print for action towards sustainable development

a. Earth Summit

b. Agenda 21

c. Montreal Draft

d. POPs Convention

fly ash

Generic term used to describe the particulate matter carried in the effluent gases from furnaces burning fossil fuels

a. PM10

b. TSP

c. fly ash

d. ESP

NOx

These reddish brown oxides in concentrated form may produce an abnormal accumulation of fluids in the lungs.

a. COx

b. SOx

c. NOx

d. TSP

Settling chamber

These are closed compartments that use gravitational force to extract dust and mist and typically used only for larger particles.

a. electrostatic precipitator

b. settling chamber

c. cyclone device

d. wet collectors

Montreal Protocol

a global treaty that aims to diminish and eventually phase out chlorofluorocarbons.

a. Stockholm Convention

b. Montreal Protocol

c. Kyoto Protocol

d. none of these

ozone

It is a very unstable gas used for disinfection, a very powerful oxidant capable of oxidizing 200 to 300 times more than chlorine and can reduce complex taste, odor and color.

a. hypochlorite

b. hydrogen peroxide

c. ozone

d. fluorine

thermal inversion

A phenomenon where a cold layer of air becomes trapped by a layer of warmer air above due to a lack of wind circulation or the presence of certain topographical features, such as mountains, resulting to air pollution being trapped in the lower, cooler layers of the troposphere.

a. global warming

b. thermal inversion

c. greenhouse effect

d. anaerobic respiration

smog

It is described as the cloud of air pollution trapped by thermal inversion.

a. CFC

b. smog

c. NOx

d. SO2

Stockholm Convention

a global treaty that aims to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants.

a. Stockholm Convention

b. Montreal Protocol

c. Kyoto Protocol

d. none of these

peroxyacetyl nitrate

PAN is a powerful lachrymator or tear producer formed from unburned hydrocarbons, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides and oxygen. PAN stands for _________.

a. peroxyacetyl nitrate

b. peroxyallyl nitrate

c. peroxyamyl nitrate

d. peroxyalkyl nitrate

chlorine

Component of CFC's that causes destruction of 100,000 molecules of ozone.

a. carbon

b. chlorine

c. fluorine

d. hydrogen

formaldehyde

It is used as bonding agents in building and furniture construction which may cause drowsiness, nausea and headaches when exposed to low level concentration.

a. formaldehyde

b. radon

c. PAN

d. CO

leachate

The liquid produced when water percolates through any permeable material. it can contains either dissolved or suspended material, or usually both, anoxic, acidic, rich in organic acid groups, sulfate ions and with high concentrations of common metal ions especially iron.

a. sludge

b. leachate

c. bottom ash

d. all of these

PVC

Recyclable material labeled as no.3

a. PET

b. PS

c. PVC

d. HDPE

composting

It is defined as the controlled decomposition of organic materials, such as leaves, grass and food scraps.

a. composting

b. putrefaction

c. incineration

d. recycling

Tertiary

type of recycling that involves recovery of chemicals or energy from post consumer waste materials.

a. Primary

b. Secondary

c. Tertiary

d. Quarternary

RA 9003

Ecological Solid Waste management Act of 2000 is otherwise known as

a. RA 6969

b. RA 8749

c. RA 9003

d. RA 9275

forestry projects

Which of the following is not classified as heavy industry in the list of environmentally critical projects?

a. iron and steel industry

b. non-ferrous metal industry

c. smelting plants

d. forestry projects

Environmental Pollution

any alteration in the physical, chemical or biological properties of the environment (air, water and land) which adversely affects its aesthetic quality and/or beneficial use

Class AA

This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds which are uninhibited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines

Class A

For sources of water supply that requires complete treatment(coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW

Class C

for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources

Class D

For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering

Color

generally an indication of the age of sewage (e.g. fresh:grayish or septic: black)

Odor

comes from septic decomposition at organic wastes and is due to the presence of gases

Temperature

lowers the solubility of oxygen in water and increases the rate at which oxygen-consuming microbes attack organic waste

Total Solids

solid residue when water is evaporated at 103-105C

pH

a measure of the acidity or alkalinity or water

calcium and magnesium salts

cause hardness in water and the formation of scales and deposits on pipelines and fittings if used in industry

nitrogen and phosphorus

basic components of fertilizer, serves as nutrients for microbial growth in particular algae

trace metals

refers to heavy metals which are toxic even in small concentration

Mercury

easily converted into the toxic methyl mercury which causes Minimata disease

Silver

causes argyria, the blue-gray discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane

Arsenic

recognized poison; carcinogenic

Chromium

causes neurological disease

Lead

leads to fetal malformation, mental disability, irritability, loss of appetite and reduction of sex drive

Proteins

principal constituents of animal organisms and in large quantities causes extremely foul odors

Carbohydrates

include sugars, starches, cellulose and wood fiber

Oils, Fat and Greases

prevent natural aeration reducing the use of the stream for fishing

Surfactants

substance that cause foaming in water

Phenols

cause taste problems in water particularly when the water is chlorinated

Pesticides and Agriculture Chemicals

have the capacity to biomagnify, and at certain concentrations, are carcinogenic

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

actual quantity of free O2 present in water

Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)

a measure of the amount of O2 needed to oxidize completely an organic matter whose chemical formula is known

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

a measure of the amount of O2 needed by microorganism to decompose biodegradable organics at a specified time(5 days), temperature(20C) and pH(7)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

a measure of the amount of O2 needed to oxidize organics using strong oxidizing agents (KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7) in acid media

Total Oxygen Demand (TOD)

organics are converted into stable end products in a Pt-catalyzed combustion chamber and is determined by monitoring the O2 content present in the products

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

organic matter is oxidized in a high-temperature furnace to convert C to CO2

Wastewater treatment

defined as the separation of solid and liquid impurities, suspended or dissolved in the carrier water

Comminutors

devices that cut-up solids into smaller and more uniform sizes

Grit chamber

an enlarged channel where the velocity of wastewater flow is controlled to allow only the heavier solids to settle out

Skimming

method of removing impurities that float on the surface of the wastewater

Pre-aeration

introduction of air into a tank in order to remove grease, odor, improve the treatability of wastewater and promote uniform distribution of suspended and floating solid and to increase BOD removals