Concepts --natural and artificial Prototypes Cognitive Maps Schemas and Scripts Algorithms vs. Heuristics --representativeness vs. availability js

Working Memory Model (WMM)

A model that describes the workings of short-term memory comprised of the phonological loop, visual sketchpad, and central executive.

Levels of Processing Theory

A theory that explains memory retention based on the depth of processing, including structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding.

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to form new memories after a trauma or injury.

Retrograde Amnesia

The loss of pre-existing memories prior to a specific event or trauma.

Infantile Amnesia

The inability to recall memories from early childhood.

Flashbulb Memory

A highly detailed and vivid memory of a significant event.

Hippocampus

A brain structure crucial for forming new memories.

Long-Term Potentiation

A long-lasting strengthening of synapses that enhances communication between neurons, associated with learning and memory.

Implicit Memories

Unconscious memories that influence thoughts and behaviors without awareness.

Explicit Memories

Consciously recalled memories that can be verbally communicated.

Prospective Memory

The ability to remember to perform actions in the future.

Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory

A framework describing various types of memory errors involving transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence.

Transience

The tendency to forget information over time.

Ebbinghaus & Forgetting Curve

A graph illustrating the rate at which information is forgotten over time.

Absent-mindedness

Forgetfulness caused by not paying attention.

Blocking

Inaccessibility of stored information, often due to interference.

Proactive Interference

When older memories interfere with the encoding of new memories.

Retroactive Interference

When new information interferes with the retrieval of old information.

Serial Position Effect

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list more easily than the middle items.

Primacy Effect

The enhanced recall of the first items in a list.

Recency Effect

The enhanced recall of the last items in a list.

Next-in-Line Effect

The tendency to forget what person immediately before you has said or done.

Misattribution

Assigning a memory to the wrong source.

Suggestibility

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.

Loftus’s Misinformation Effect

The phenomenon where a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate due to post-event information.

Reconstructed Memories

Memories that are recalled with inaccuracies based on the influence of new information.

Eyewitness Accuracy

The reliability of a witness's account of an event.

Recovered Memory Controversy

The debate over the validity of memories recovered after being repressed.

Psychodynamic Theory of Repression

The theory that memories of traumatic events can be unconsciously blocked from awareness.

Expectancy Bias

The influence that expectations have on memory recall.

Self-Consistency Bias

The tendency to maintain a belief in one's cognitive and emotional fear responses, which may affect memory.

Persistence

The ongoing recollection of distressing memories.

Advantages of Seven Sins

Understanding these 'sins' can improve memory retrieval and managing memory-related issues.

Normal Curve

A statistical pattern where most occurrences take place near the average and fewer occurrences happen at the extremes.

Achievement Tests

Assessments that measure knowledge or skills in specific subjects or areas.

Aptitude Tests

Examinations designed to measure a person's potential to succeed in a specific task or skill.

Alfred Binet and Stanford-Binet Test

An early intelligence test that calculated an individual's mental age relative to their chronological age.

Mental Age

The age level at which an individual is functioning intellectually.

Chronological Age

The actual age of an individual in years.

WAIS and WISC Tests

Intelligence tests created by David Wechsler for adults (WAIS) and children (WISC).

IQ Scores

Scores derived from standardized tests designed to measure human intelligence.

Standardization

The process of administering and scoring tests uniformly for all test-takers.

Cognitive Impairment

A decrease in cognitive function, affecting reasoning, memory, and judgment.

Giftedness

An exceptional ability or capacity in a particular area, often reflected in high IQ scores.

Reliability of tests

The degree to which a test consistently measures what it purports to measure.

Validity of tests

The degree to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure.

Savant Syndrome

A condition where individuals with developmental conditions possess remarkable abilities in one or more specific areas.

Spearman’s g Factor

A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities.

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to think abstractly and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge.

Crystallized Intelligence

The ability to use learned knowledge and experience.

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A theory of intelligence that identifies three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

A theory proposing that intelligence is not a single entity but a combination of different types of intelligence.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions as well as the emotions of others.

Hereditarians vs Environmentarians

A debate regarding the influence of genetics versus environmental factors on intelligence.

Forms of Testing Bias

Systematic errors in test performance due to cultural or socioeconomic factors.

Cultural Matters

The influence of cultural background on behavior and cognition, including test performance.

Stereotype Threat

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, affecting performance.

Poverty and Racism

Socioeconomic and racial factors that can impact cognitive development and access to educational resources.

Flynn Effect

The observed increase in IQ scores over time in many parts of the world.

Biological Components of Intelligence

Factors such as brain size, speed of processing, and efficiency that contribute to individual differences in intelligence.