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60 Terms
1
Working Memory Model (WMM)
A model that describes the workings of short-term memory comprised of the phonological loop, visual sketchpad, and central executive.
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Levels of Processing Theory
A theory that explains memory retention based on the depth of processing, including structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding.
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3
Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to form new memories after a trauma or injury.
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4
Retrograde Amnesia
The loss of pre-existing memories prior to a specific event or trauma.
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5
Infantile Amnesia
The inability to recall memories from early childhood.
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6
Flashbulb Memory
A highly detailed and vivid memory of a significant event.
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7
Hippocampus
A brain structure crucial for forming new memories.
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8
Long-Term Potentiation
A long-lasting strengthening of synapses that enhances communication between neurons, associated with learning and memory.
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9
Implicit Memories
Unconscious memories that influence thoughts and behaviors without awareness.
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10
Explicit Memories
Consciously recalled memories that can be verbally communicated.
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11
Prospective Memory
The ability to remember to perform actions in the future.
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12
Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory
A framework describing various types of memory errors involving transience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence.
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13
Transience
The tendency to forget information over time.
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14
Ebbinghaus & Forgetting Curve
A graph illustrating the rate at which information is forgotten over time.
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15
Absent-mindedness
Forgetfulness caused by not paying attention.
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16
Blocking
Inaccessibility of stored information, often due to interference.
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17
Proactive Interference
When older memories interfere with the encoding of new memories.
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18
Retroactive Interference
When new information interferes with the retrieval of old information.
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19
Serial Position Effect
The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list more easily than the middle items.
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20
Primacy Effect
The enhanced recall of the first items in a list.
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21
Recency Effect
The enhanced recall of the last items in a list.
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22
Next-in-Line Effect
The tendency to forget what person immediately before you has said or done.
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23
Misattribution
Assigning a memory to the wrong source.
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24
Suggestibility
The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.
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25
Loftus’s Misinformation Effect
The phenomenon where a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate due to post-event information.
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26
Reconstructed Memories
Memories that are recalled with inaccuracies based on the influence of new information.
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27
Eyewitness Accuracy
The reliability of a witness's account of an event.
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28
Recovered Memory Controversy
The debate over the validity of memories recovered after being repressed.
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29
Psychodynamic Theory of Repression
The theory that memories of traumatic events can be unconsciously blocked from awareness.
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30
Expectancy Bias
The influence that expectations have on memory recall.
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31
Self-Consistency Bias
The tendency to maintain a belief in one's cognitive and emotional fear responses, which may affect memory.
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32
Persistence
The ongoing recollection of distressing memories.
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33
Advantages of Seven Sins
Understanding these 'sins' can improve memory retrieval and managing memory-related issues.
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34
Normal Curve
A statistical pattern where most occurrences take place near the average and fewer occurrences happen at the extremes.
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35
Achievement Tests
Assessments that measure knowledge or skills in specific subjects or areas.
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36
Aptitude Tests
Examinations designed to measure a person's potential to succeed in a specific task or skill.
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37
Alfred Binet and Stanford-Binet Test
An early intelligence test that calculated an individual's mental age relative to their chronological age.
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38
Mental Age
The age level at which an individual is functioning intellectually.
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39
Chronological Age
The actual age of an individual in years.
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40
WAIS and WISC Tests
Intelligence tests created by David Wechsler for adults (WAIS) and children (WISC).
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41
IQ Scores
Scores derived from standardized tests designed to measure human intelligence.
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42
Standardization
The process of administering and scoring tests uniformly for all test-takers.
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43
Cognitive Impairment
A decrease in cognitive function, affecting reasoning, memory, and judgment.
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44
Giftedness
An exceptional ability or capacity in a particular area, often reflected in high IQ scores.
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45
Reliability of tests
The degree to which a test consistently measures what it purports to measure.
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46
Validity of tests
The degree to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure.
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47
Savant Syndrome
A condition where individuals with developmental conditions possess remarkable abilities in one or more specific areas.
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48
Spearman’s g Factor
A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities.
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49
Fluid Intelligence
The ability to think abstractly and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge.
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50
Crystallized Intelligence
The ability to use learned knowledge and experience.
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51
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
A theory of intelligence that identifies three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
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52
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
A theory proposing that intelligence is not a single entity but a combination of different types of intelligence.
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53
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions as well as the emotions of others.
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54
Hereditarians vs Environmentarians
A debate regarding the influence of genetics versus environmental factors on intelligence.
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55
Forms of Testing Bias
Systematic errors in test performance due to cultural or socioeconomic factors.
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56
Cultural Matters
The influence of cultural background on behavior and cognition, including test performance.
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57
Stereotype Threat
The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, affecting performance.
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58
Poverty and Racism
Socioeconomic and racial factors that can impact cognitive development and access to educational resources.
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59
Flynn Effect
The observed increase in IQ scores over time in many parts of the world.
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60
Biological Components of Intelligence
Factors such as brain size, speed of processing, and efficiency that contribute to individual differences in intelligence.
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