APUSH Unit 7 Vocab B

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

In 1911, in New York City high-rise garment factory took 146 lives, mostly women. The tragedy sparked greater women’s activism and pushed states to pass laws to improve safety and working conditions in factories.

Square Deal

In the first economic crisis in his presidency, President Roosevelt quickly demonstrated that he favored neither business nor labor but insisted on a new deal. When Pennsylvania coal miners were on strike during freezing weather, Roosevelt called a union leader and mine owners to mediate the situation. The president threatened to control the mines when the owner did not agree to a compromise.

Trust-Busting

Roosevelt enforced Sherman Antitrust Act and he wanted to bust the Northern Securities Company railroads. The Supreme Court in 1904 upheld his action in breaking up the railroad monopoly. Roosevelt then took an Antitrust against Standard Oil and other major corporations. He made a distinction in breaking up bad trusts, which stifled competition and harmed the public, and regulating good trusts, which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market.

Elkins Act

In 1903, the Interstate Commerce Commission had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers.

Hepburn Act

In 1906, the commission could fix “just and reasonable” rates for railroads.

Conservation

Roosevelt was a big supporter of this and made a lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation’s natural resources.

Newlands Reclamation Act

Roosevelt in 1902 won passage of this Act, a law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states.

Gifford Pinchot

A National Conservation Commission established under this man of Pennsylvania, whom Roosevelt had earlier appointed to be the first director of the US Forest Service.

Department of Interior

A federal government department responsible for managing and conserving public lands, including national parks, forests, and mineral resources. As well as overseeing relations with Native American tribes on reservations.

National Parks

Protected areas established to conserve the natural environment, wildlife, and cultural heritage for public enjoyment and education.

16th Amendment

Ratified by the states in 1913, authorized the US government to collect an income tax. Progressives heartily approved the new tax, which applied only to the wealthy.

Payne-Aldrich Act

In 1909, Taft raised the tariff on most imports and Taft openly supported the conservative candidates for Congress. During the election, Progressive Republicans easily defeated those supported by Taft.

Eugene V. Debs

A socialist founder, a former railway union leader, became a socialist while in jail for supporting the Pullman strike. Some ideas championed by Debs and socialists were accepted: public ownership of utilities, worker’s compensation insurance, minimum wage laws, the eight-hour workday, and pensions for employees.

Bull Moose Party

Progressive Republicans met and nominated Roosevelt for the Election of 1912. After lengthy balloting, Democrats united behind Woodrow Wilson, a political newcomer who had been first elected to office as a governor of New Jersey. The party behind Roosevelt lost this election.

Underwood Tariff

In 1913, Woodrow Wilson substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent.

Federal Reserve Act

This act was designed to provide stability and flexibility to the US financial system by regulating interest rates and the capital reserves required of banks.

Federal Trade Commission

To protect consumers by investigating and taking action against any “unfair trade practices” in any industry except banking and transportation.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act’s power to break up monopolies. Most important for organized labor, the new law contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts.

Child Labor Act

Long favored by settlement house workers and labor unions alike, was enacted in 1916. It prohibited shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old. However, a conservative Supreme Court found this act to be unconstitutional.

NAACP

Their mission was no less than to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African American children.

National Urban League

Formed in 1911 to help people migrating from the South to adjust to northern cities. Emphasized self-reliance and economic advancement.

National Association for Women’s Suffrage

Carrie Chapman Catt became the president of this organization that argued for the vote as a broadening democracy that would empower women, thus enabling them to more actively care for their families in an industrial society.

Alice Paul

Led women who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes. She broke from NAWSA in 1916 to form National Woman’s Party. She focused on winning the support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution.

National Women’s Party

Led by Alice Paul that focused on winning support of Congress and the President for an amendment in the Constitution.

19th Amendment

Guaranteed women’s rights to vote in all elections at local, state, and national levels.

Margaret Sanger

Advocated for birth control education, especially among the poor. It developed into Planned Parenthood organization. Women made progress in securing educational equalities, liberalizing marriage and divorce laws, reducing discrimination in business and professions, and recognizing women’s rights to own property.

Neutrality

President Wilson’s first response to European war was in the tradition of non involvement started by Washington and Jefferson.

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, and Russia

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire of Turkey

U-Boats

German submarine which attacked Allied shipping and disrupt trade routes.

Lusitania

German U-Boats attacked a British passenger ship and most of the passengers drowned including 128 Americans. Wilson wrote a strongly worded diplomatic message warning that Germany would be held to “strict accountability” if it continued.

Propoganda

Fully recognizing the importance of influencing Americans, the British government made sure the American press was well supplied with stories of German soldiers committing atrocities in Belgium and the German-occupied part of Eastern France.

Zimmerman Telegram

Intercepted by British Intelligence, a telegram to Mexico from German foreign minister proposed that Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for German’s pledge to help Mexico recover lost territories: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Bolshevik Revolution

Seizure of power in Russia which resulted in the overthrow of the Tsarist regime and the establishment of the world’s first communist state. This led them out of the war.

14 Points

Wilson called on Germany to return the regions of Alsace and Lorraine to France and to evacuate from Belgium in the west and Romania and Serbia in the east. It led to recognition of freedom of seas, an end to the practice of making secret treaties, reduction of national armaments, “impartial adjustment of all colonial claims”, self-determination, removal of trade barriers, League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

Other heads of state at Versailles made it clear that their nations wanted both revenge against Germany and compensation in the form of indemnities and territory. Wilson insisted that the other delegates accept his plan for the League of Nations. Germany was disarmed, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland.

League of Nations

Called on each member nation to stand ready to protect independence and territorial integrity of other nations.

Food Administration

Encouraged American Households to eat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad for the French and British troops.

National War Labor Board

Labor won concessions during the war that had earlier been denied. Wages rose, the eight-hour work day became more common, and union membership increased.

George Creel

A Journalist who took charge of a propaganda agency called the Committee on Public Information

Committee on Public Information

Enlisted the voluntary services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers, and movie stars to depict the heroism of the “boys” and the villainy of the kaiser.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

1917-provided for imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruction of the draft. 1918- prohibited anyone from making “disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the US government.

Schenck v. United States

Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act in a case of involving a man who had been imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a “clear and present danger” to public safety.

Selective Service Act

To conscript men into the military. It required all men between 21 and 30 to register possible induction into the military. 2.8 million men were eventually called by lottery.

Great Migration

The largest movement of people consisted of African Americans who migrated north. There were deteriorating race relations marked by segregation and racial violence, destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil, and limited economic opportunities.

Red Scare

In 1919, the country suffered from volatile combination of unhappiness with the peace process, fears of communism fueled by the Communist takeover of Russia, and worries about labor unrest at home.

Palmer Raids

A series of unexplained bombings caused Attorney General Palmer to establish a special office to gather information of radicals. He ordered mass arrests of anarchists, socialists, and labor agitators.

Race Riots

Whites resented the increase competition for jobs and housing. The largest in East St. Louis, Illinois. Racial tensions led to violence in many cities. In Tulsa, Oklahoma, African Americans thwarted lynchings of a Black man. White mobs destroyed more than 1000 black owned homes and businesses in the neighborhood known for its prosperity as the Black Wall Street and killed 50 to 300 people.