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Biomolecules
Water is a product of dehydration (aka condensation) reactions that unite monomers into longer polymers. What is the source of the atoms that make up the water molecule?
Both of the monomers donate atoms.
Hydrolytic reactions in the breakdown of this biomolecule will result in three fatty acids and glycerol. How many water molecules are needed for the reaction?
3
Monosaccharides are covalently joined together by glycosidic bonds to form disaccharides and polysaccharides which function as energy storage and structural carbohydrates. Three examples of monosaccharides would include
glucose, fructose, and galactose
One function of the polysaccharides is to provide rigid cell structures for animals and plants. Which of these polysaccharides is a structural carbohydrate found in plant cell walls?
cellulose
Glycogen is composed of alpha glucose monomers and functions as a short term energy storage molecule. When blood glucose levels are high, excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. What happens to glycogen when blood sugar levels drop?
Glycogen is broken down by hydrolysis and glucose is released into the blood. This process helps to maintain blood glucose levels.
One function of lipids in plants is to form the cuticle which is a thin hydrophobic coating on the surface of leaves. The cuticle protects leaves against drying out and against absorbing too much water when wet. The cuticle of plants belong in what subcategory of lipid biomolecules?
waxes
triglycerides are
lipids/fats
Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules. Which of the following is not a correct match of lipid to function?
Steroids: transport of lipids and carbohydrates.
Phospholipids arrange themselves spontaneously into a bilayer formation due to their ________________________ nature. The hydrophobic regions of the bilayer are made up of _______________ .
amphipathic; saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Which of the energy-storage biomolecules contains the highest number of calories per gram?
triglycerides
Analysis of a sample of DNA shows 39% of the base pairs are cytosine. What percentage of the base pairs present in the sample are adenine?
11%
What type of bonds can occur between two purine nucleotides? What type of bonds can occur between a purine nucleotide and a pyrimidine nucleotide?
phosphodiester bond; phosphodiester or hydrogen bonds
Nucleotides contain a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base attached to a 5 carbon sugar. Which carbon in the sugar is bonded to the following in a nucleotide? Phosphate group attached? Hydroxyl group prior to polymerization? Nitrogenous base attached?
5’
3’
1’
If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATT GCA3', the complementary DNA strand would have the sequence:5'TGC AAT3
5'TGC AAT3
true or false: In eukaryotic cells, DNA is only found in the nucleus.
false
The "central dogma" of molecular biology is a description of the:
mechanism of protein synthesis.
A strand of DNA has the sequence 5' TTA CCG TAC GCT 3'. The product of transcription is a complementary RNA strand with which of the following sequences?
3' AAU GGC AUG CGA 5'
What type of bonding is responsible for the 3-dimensional structure of the single-stranded RNA molecule?
The hydrogen bonds between purines and pyrimidines
What is responsible for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA molecule?
the complementary sequence in DNA
Amylase, lipase, pepsin and trypsin are all
digestive enzymes
A peptide bond forms through
dehydration
What elements are found in amino acids?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
A hydroxyl group on the terminal R portion makes the amino acid
polar
Which of the following are structural proteins?
actin, tubulin and keratin
What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
peptide bonds
actin and myosin are
contractile
hemoglobin and alubimin are
transport
insulin and thyroxine are
hormones
immunoglobulins are
defense
a support carb is
cellulose
a digestible carb is
glucose, fructose, glycogen
do all macros have carbon
yes
what is the formula of a polysaccharide with 4 glucose monomers linked
C24H42O21
beta is on
top
alpha is on
bottom
what elements do proteins have
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sometimes sufur
what elements do carbohydrates have
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what elements do nucleic acids have
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
what elements do lipids have
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
proteins sometimes have
sulfur
proteins always have
CHON sometimes with an S
carbohydrates have
CHO with an alpha/beta pattern
nucleic acids have
the ribose at the beginning of the pattern
lipids have
CHO and form in chains
is a phosphate group polar or nonpolar
polar
are the fatty acid chains polar or nonpolar
nonpolar
purines have how many rings
2
carbohydrates include the simple sugars:
monosaccharides and disaccharides
name for monosaccharides
fructose, glucose
name for disaccharide
maltose, sucrose, lactose
name for polysaccharide
chitin, starch-amylose, starch-amylopectin, cellulose
formula for disaccharide
C12H22O11
elements of triacylglycerol
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen1
elements for phospholipids
carbon, hydrogen, oxyegn
molecular components for triglycerides
3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol
molecular components for phospholipids
2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol
fatty acids and glycerol are joined together by the
ester bond in the formation of triglyceride
which part of the fatty acids are hydrophobic
the tail
the ester linkage forms between which two functional groups
carboxyl and hydroxyl
how many water molecules are generated as a result of the ester linkages in a triglyceride
3
a carboxyl group acts as an acid in solution because
it can donate a proton (H+) becoming carboxylate ion
an amino group acts as a base in solution because
it can accept a proton (H+)
R group interactions hold together
tertiary
hydrophilic must be
polar
How is the tertiary structure of a protein changed when exposed to high temperatures?
the increased heat disrupts the hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds between side chains.
side chains are
R groups
structure =
function
What element is found in proteins that is absent in carbohydrates and lipids?
nitrogen
All of the following contain amino acids except
cholesterol
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
peptide bond
What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
hydrogen bonds
How is the tertiary structure of a protein changed when exposed to high or low pH?
The changes in pH disrupt the hydrogen and ionic bonds between side chains.
What functional group is this?
hydroxyl
What functional group is this?
carbonyl
What functional group is this?
carboxyl
What functional group is this?
amino
What functional group is this?
sulfhydryl
What functional group is this?
phosphate
Note 
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