Biology MCAS/FINAL prep (1st Half)

Fats and Lipids CEFFSD

• C,H, little O

• Energy storage + membrane

• fatty acids

• fats lipids

• Sat/unsat fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, steroids

• do not mix well with water

Carbohydrates CEMPGN

• C,H,O 1:2:1

• energy and plant structure

• monosaccharides

• polysaccharides

• glucose, starch, sugar, disaccharides, glycogen

• names end in ose

Proteins CSAPED

• C,H,N,O

• structure and function

• amino acids

• protein, polypeptides

• enzymes, structural proteins

• diverse, produced in ribosomes

Nucleic acids CGNDG

• C,H,N,O,P

• Genetic info

• nucleotides

• DNA rna

• genetic sequence

Effect enzymes have on chemical reactions

speed up

enzymes react w/ substrates

substrates bind to active site, break or join substrates

environmental factors affect speed which enzymes react

pH and temperature, too high.low prevent from binding to substrate

enzymes react with _______ molecules

Enzymes are _________ after each reaction

• specific

• reused

what features do all cells have

cell membrane, dna, ribosomes, cytoplasm

Eukaryotes ANM

• animal/protists/plant/fungal/human cells

• nuclei

• membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotes

Eubacteria/archaebacteria cells

Cell membrane

controls what leaves and enters the cell

nucleus

stores dna/cells, control center

mitochrondrion

creates energy from glucose

cell wall

strength and structure to cell

ribosome

create proteins from amino acids

chloroplast

creates glucose powered by light energy

cell membrane is composed of 2 layers of lipids (bilayer) it is selectively permeable, what does this mean?

certain molecules can cross membrane

• protein channels allow for the passage of _____ molecules

• in facilitated diffusion, a molecule passes through a protein channel moving from a _____; because of this, the cell _____ energy.

• In active transport, a molecule passes through a protein channel moving from _____; the cell _____ energy. SHL

• SPECIFIC

• HIGH TO LOW, DOES NOT USE

• USE LOW TO HIGH, USES

Formula for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

• CO2+H2O—>C6H12O6+O2

• C6H12O6+O2—>CO2+H2O

• _____ make their own food source, like glucose

• _____ cannot make their own food source, must consume other organisms

• _____ conduct photosynthesis

• _____ conduct cellular respiration AHOA

• AUTOTROPHS

• HETEROTROPHS

• ONLY AUTOTROPHS

• ALL ORGANISMS

law of segregation

two copies of each hereditary factor segregate

law of independent assortment

alleles with different genes segregate independently of one another

incomplete dominance

dominant trait does not completely mask recessive trait

codominant trait

when inherited together, are equally expressed in the phenotype

sex linked traits

recessive alleles are more common in males than females

polygenic

determined by more than one gene, a lot of variety

Mitosis GOT

growth and repair, one division, two identical diploids are created

meiosis THF

two divisions, haploid gametes created, four unique cells produced

G1 phase

cell grows

s phase

dna replicates

g2 phase

cell preps for division