CRJS 253: Chap. 1-3 STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM #1

What are the functions that corrections serves for accused and convicted offenders?

Management, punishment, supervision, and treatment.

Who was Cesare Bonesana, Marchese di Beccaria and what was his philosophy on criminal justice?

He pushed for public trials, confronting accusations, knowing the charges against them, having a swift trial, the punishment must be certain, swift, and severe, and the punishment needs to match the crime; Non-punishment

What does incapacitation mean?

It is the inability of criminals to victimize people outside of prisons while they are locked up.

What is punishment?

The act of imposing some unwanted burden such as a fine, probation, imprisonment, or death, on convicted persons in response to their crimes.

What was one of the first laws to contain vengeance by substituting controlled vengeance in the form of third-party (the state) punishment?

The Code of Hammurabi

What is the school of penology/criminology that was a non-empirical mode of inquiry, that was based on reason and logic?

The Classical School

When a person logically weighs the benefits of a crime from “the cost,” what is it called?

Hedonistic Calculus

What kind of science did the Positivist School of Penology follow?

Empirical Science

What is the design name for a rounded cell house with a rounded tower inside that allows correctional officers to see into all the cells?

Panopticon

What is the new incentive program used by the Virginia DOC at Lawrenceville called?

The Virginia Model

What does “Deterrence” mean?

It is a philosophy of punishment aimed at the prevention of crime by the threat of punishment.

When we reserve prison for a select group of violent repeat offenders, we call it?

Selective Incapacitation

What model is rehabilitation based on?

The Medical Model

What is the goal of reintegration?

The goal of this is to prepare criminals to enter or reintegrate them into the free community, as well equipped to do so as possible.

What is the difference between The Crime Control Model and The Due Process Model?

The Crime Control Model emphasizes community protection from criminals & stresses that civil liberties can have real meaning only in a safe, well-ordered society (Ex. Saudi Arabia is purely this), whereas The Due Process Model stresses the accused's rights (to due process) more than the rights of the community (Ex. The U.S. is purely this).

Who were the two Frenchmen who came to the United States to study our new prison system?

Gustave de Beaumont and Alexis de Tocqueville

What was the first type of correctional facility to develop?

Bridewells, Debtor’s Prisons, gaols, The Walnut Wtreet jail, The Pennsylvania Prison, and The New York Prison System (Auburn, Sing Sing, Elmira Reformatory).

What type of system did the inmates follow at Norfolk Island that rewarded good behavior?

The Mark System

Who proposed “The Great Law,” in Pennsylvania?

William Penn

Who was the Sheriff who had been a prisoner of war and after he reformed the jails in England, went to Europe to help improve jail conditions there?

John Howard

Where was the first American jail built?

Jamestown, VA

Which American prison was the first to use the Marks System?

Norfolk Island

Which system followed the congregate care model?

The Auburn System

Which prison system used complete solitary confinement?

The Pennsylvania Prison System

Which prison had small coffin-like cells?

The Auburn Prison System

Who was the early evaluator of American jails and prisons who preferred the Pennsylvania system over the New York model?

Dorothea Dix

Zebulon Brockway helped to create what type of sentence?

Indeterminate sentences

Which prison was famous because it was and the first public building to have hot water and flushing toilets?

The Eastern Pennsylvania Prison

What prison used the panopticon style of architecture for some cell  houses?

The Stateville Prison

Why do people go to prison?

They go to prison AS punishment (NOT punishment)

When does recidivism happen?

When ex-offenders/criminals get out of prison.

Who does specific deterrence impact?

It impacts the criminal.

What does rehabilitation mean?

It is a philosophy of punishment aimed at "curing" criminals of their antisocial behavior. It is primarily a positivist concept.

Why was Galley Slavery used as a sentence for crimes?

It was used as a sentence for crimes because inmates were needed for labor (propeling ships for trade and warfare).

What often happened to the poor and criminally inclined when they were removed from the streets and what was this called?

They were used for labor. This was called Galley Slavery.