Mobile CSP Midterm Review Flashcard

Integrated Development Environment

An _ (IDE) is an integrated set of software tools used to develop computer software

event-driven programming

a programming approach whereby the program's behavior is controlled by writing code that responds to various events that occur, such as Button clicks.

computational artifact

an object created by a human being that involves the use of computation in some way, for example a mobile app or a web page.

hardware

the large and small physical components that make up a computers such as the computer's keyboard or its processor.

software

the computer programs that make up a computer system such as the mobile apps we will be creating in this course.

abstraction

one of the seven big ideas of the CS Principles curriculum. It is a simplified and general representation of some complex object or process.

binary number

a number written in the binary system, a system that uses only two digits, 0s and 1s.

bit

short for binary digit

blacklist

in internet terminology, a generic term for a list of email addresses or IP addresses that are origination with known spammers

character

any symbol that requires one byte of storage

cyberspace

a metaphor for describing the non-physical terrain created by computer systems

data

is distinct information that is formatted in a special way. It exists in a variety of forms, like text on paper or bytes stored in electronic memory

data center

are physical or virtual infrastructures used by enterprises to house computer, server and networking systems and components for the company's IT (information technology) needs

data network

a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data

disk drive

a randomly addressable and rewritable storage device

intellectual property

refers to any property that is created using original thought. Include patents, copyrights, and trademarks.

Moore's Law

The number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits has doubled every year since the integrated circuit was invented.

network

a group of two or more computer systems linked together

processor

short for microprocessor or CPU

social networking

a social structure made of nodes that are generally individuals or organizations. A social network represents relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers, or other information/knowledge processing entities

whitelist

a generic name for a list of email address or IP addresses that are considered to be spam free

World Wide Web (WWW)

The _ is an application that runs on the Internet. The _ is a system of interlinked resources -- documents, images, sounds, videos, data files -- that are stored on the Internet and can be accessed through a browser.

Internet

The _ is the underlying global network that supports the WWW and many other applications. It consists of many different local networks that are connected together by various hardware devices.

Cloud

The _ is just a popular term for the Internet and its applications used largely in marketing and advertising.

cloud application

Google, Twitter, Dropbox are each often referred to as a _. They could also be called Internet applications. App Inventor is another example of a _

if-else condition

enables an app to ask questions and make decisions - it's one of the foundations of "artificial intelligence"

flip-flops

_, also called bistable gates, are digital logic circuits that can be in one of two states.

logic gate

A _ is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most _s have two inputs and one output.

machine language

_ is the elemental language of computers, comprising a long sequence of binary digital zeros and ones (bits).

Boolean

a value that is TRUE or FALSE

protocol

is a system of rules that govern the behavior of some system.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

is the suite a protocols that determine the behavior of the Internet.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

is the protocol that controls the behavior of the Web.

Tim Berners-Lee

invented the World Wide Web (WWW).

open standard

is a standard (such as TCP, HTTP) that is not owned or controlled by a private entity. It stands in contrast to 'proprietary' materials', which are owned or controlled by a private entity.

computer

is a machine that processes information under the control of a program.

chip

is an informal way of describing an integrated circuit (IC) consisting of millions of tiny circuits.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

is that part of the computer's hardware

general purpose computer

is one that can run many different programs (e.g. a smartphone).

high level language

is a programming language that is human readable (App Inventor) and provides the programmer with easy to understand abstractions.

machine language

is a programming language that is directly readable by the computer's CPU.

program

is a sequence of instructions that controls the computer.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

stores the computer's programs and data temporarily while power is on.

special purpose computer

is one that has a fixed program (e.g. a calculator, a watch, a car's brakes).

algorithm

is a precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be implemented by a programming language and executed by a computer.

control structure

is a block of programming statements that controls the flow or behavior of an algorithm.

sequence

control structure is the application of each step of an algorithm in the order in which the statements are given.

selection

control structure uses a true or false condition to determine which of two parts of an algorithm is used.

repetition

control structure is the repetition of part of an algorithm for a specified number of times or until a true/false condition is met.

Iteration

is another term for 'repetition'.

boolean

condition is a true/false condition. It is named after George Boole (1815-1864) an English mathematician.

Pseudocode

is a notation for expressing algorithms, which is more precise that ordinary English but less formal than a programming language.

flowchart

is a visual (i.e. graphical) notation for expressing algorithms.

abstracting

is the process of creating abstractions.

abstraction

is a general representation of something -- of some person or place or event or process. An abstraction extracts common features from specific examples in order to generalize concepts. Words, symbols, maps, and models are all examples of everyday abstractions.

constant

something such as the numeral '5', is an abstraction that represents a single thing, e.g., the value 5.

variable

something such as the symbol 'X', can be used to represent any number and is therefore more general and more abstract than a constant.

data abstraction

in computer science is the practice of organizing and encapsulating certain data into a more general representation. An example would be storing the text 'hello' in a single variable rather than having numerous occurrences of 'hello' in a program.

procedural abstraction

in computer science is the practice of organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures that can then be invoked by name. An example would be the 'sqrt(x)', square root of x, which encapsulates the algorithm for calculating the square root of x.

binary sequence

is a sequence of 0s and 1s.

base

refers to the number of distinct digits or symbols used to represent numbers in that system. Our decimal system is base-10 because it uses 10 digits, 0 through 9.

positional number system

the value of a digit in a number depends on its place. For example, in the decimal number 545, the leftmost '5' represents 500 because it occurs in the hundreds place, but the rightmost '5' represents 5 because it occurs in the ones place.

binary number system

is a number system in which all numbers are represented in terms of the 2 binary digits, 0 and 1.

octal number system

is a base-8 system, consisting of the symbols 0 through 7.

hexadecimal number system

is a base-16 system, consisting of the 16 symbols 0 through 9 and A through F.

transistor

is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. Transistors are the fundamental building blocks of electronic devices.

integrated circuit (IC)

a chip, is an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, that integrates billions of tiny transistors and logic gates.

AND gate

is a circuit with two inputs and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) only when both of its inputs are TRUE (or ON).

OR gate

is a circuit with two inputs and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) when either or both of its inputs are TRUE (or ON).

NOT gate

is a circuit with one input and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) when its input is FALSE (or OFF) and vice versa.

abstraction

a general representation of something

abstracting

the process of creating abstractions

constant

an abstraction that represents a single thing

variable

can be used to represent any number and is more general than a constant

data abstraction

the practice of organizing data into a more general representation

procedural abstraction

the practice of organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures that can then be invoked by name. An example would be the 'sqrt(x)', square root of x, which encapsulates the algorithm for calculating the square root of x.

binary sequence

a sequence of 0s and 1s

bit

single binary digit, either 0 or 1. It is the smallest unit of data in a computer.

base

the number of distinct digits or symbols used to represent numbers in that system. Our decimal system is base-10 because it uses 10 digits, 0 through 9.

positional number system

the value of a digit in a number depends on its place

binary number system

a number system in which all numbers are represented in terms of the 2 binary digits, 0 and 1

octal number system

a base-8 system, consisting of the symbols 0 through 7

hexidecimal number system

a base-16 system, consisting of the 16 symbols 0 through 9 and A through F

decimal number system

The decimal number system is a base-10 system that we use every day, consisting of the symbols 0 through 9.

ASCII

is short for American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character encoding scheme in which each character is represented by a 7-bit (originally) or 8-bit binary sequence. For example, the ASCII sequence 01000001 represents the letter 'A'.

bit

short for 'binary digit'

bitmap

a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images.

byte

8 bits

lossless compression algorithm

an algorithm in which no data are lost; the original data can be completely recovered.

lossy compression algorithm

an algorithm in which some data are lost; the original data cannot be completely restored

pixel

short for 'picture element', it is a single physical point in a raster image.

Run Length Encoding (RLE)

A compression algorithm that represents an image in terms of the length of runs of identical pixels

parity

In math, parity usually means the fact of being even or odd

even parity

In even parity the number of 1s in the sequence add up to an even number.

odd parity

In odd parity, the number of 1s in the sequence add up to an odd number.

parity bit

a bit that acts as a check on a set of binary values, calculated in such a way that the number of 1s in the set plus the parity bit should always be even (even parity) or should always be odd (odd parity).

list

In computer science, a list stores multiple items under one variable name and uses an index to number and access them.

index

The number or position of an element in the list

data abstraction

A data abstraction provides a general way to access a collection of data.

abstract data type

defines a general data type like list that describes a collection of data without worrying about the specific implementation.