Groups/Individuals 1865-1992

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Bureau of Indian Affairs

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Pressure Groups and Individuals, Opposition Groups. (Native Americans, African Americans, Women, Trade Unions)

55 Terms

1

Bureau of Indian Affairs

1824, A federal agency within the US department of the interior, it’s main job was to manage the government’s relationship with Native tribes.

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2

Indian Rights Association (IRA)

1882, Addressing the rights and welfare of Native peoples in the US.

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3

Navajo Tribe

1868 → 8000 members

1900 → 22000 Members and 1.7 Million livestock.

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4

Society of Indian Americans

1911, Advocated for citizenship rights, education reform, and the protection of tribal sovereignty.

Disbanded in 1920; not enough communication.

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5

Civilian Conservation Corpse (CCC)

1933, Conservation and public work projects, provided relief to Natives during the depression. They did public work on reservations.

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6

National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)

1961, Largely based on NAACP, belief of peaceful protests and anti-violence. Focused on legal route for equality and integration.

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7

American Indian Movement (AIM)

1968, Largely based on the nation of Islam, militarisation and violence. Focused on self-determination and separatism.

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8

Siege of Alcatraz

A two year occupation of Alcatraz island, supported by media and celebrities. Focused attention on historical injustices faced by the Natives.

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9

Native American Rights Fund (NARF)

1970, A non profit dedicated to advocating legal rights for natives.

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10

Red Power Movement

inspired by the civil rights movement, NA organised to demand Civil Rights, Sovereignty and recognition of treaty rights.

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11

Occupation of Mt. Rushmore

1971, AIM activists occupied the monument to demand the return of Native lands and asert indigenous sovereignty.

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12

AIM V. BIA

1972, AIM activists briefly took over the HQ of the Bureau of indian affairs.

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13

Wounded Knee Occupation

1973, AIM activist occupied the town of wounded knee protesting against injustices towards NA and treaties.

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14

Pine Ridge Occupation

1975, AIM activists led a protest on the pine ridge reservation against corruption and human right abuses.

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15

Indian Policy Review Commission

1983, reviewed federal policy and program affecting Native, favoured assimilation.

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16

Booker T. Washington

1856-1915, A prominent educator and leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance. HHe did not believe in equal rights unless AA ‘earned’ them.

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17

Ida B. Wells

1862-1931, A prominent anti-lynching and womans suffrage activist. Carried guns when she walked around. From 1882-1968 there was over 4700 lynchings.

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18

W.E.B Du Bois

1868-1963, Co-founder of the NAACP and strong advocate for political action, higher education, and social reform to achieve racial equality.

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19

Marcus Garvey

1887-1940, Promoter of black nationalism, economic empowerment and the return of the African dispora to their ancestral lands.

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20

Phillip Randolph

1889-1979, Founder of the borhterhood of sleeping car porters and organiser of the march on washington, fighter of labour rights and racial equality.

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21

National Association for Advancment of Coloured People (NAACP)

1909 onw, A peaceful group to promote an end to racial discrimination, and to promote political, educational and social growth.

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22

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

1914-1919, Black nationalist organisation dedicated to promoting the economic self-sufficiency, political empowerment, and cultural pride of AA.

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23

Black Star Line

1919-1922, A shipping company established by Garvey and the UNIA. Promotion of black economic independence and facilitating trade and travel among the African diaspora.

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24

Nation of Islam

1930 onw, AA polotical and religious movement advocating for black self-sufficiency and seperatism.

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25

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

1942 onw, A group promoting peace, equality, political growth, social reform and economic growth.

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26

Malcolm X

1925-1965, Prominent AA minister and human rights activist, black empowerment, self-defence, racial justice, and seperatism.

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27

Martin Luther King Jr.

1929-1968, Baptist minister who advocated for non-violent resistance and equality.

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28

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955-1956, After rosa parks refusal to give up her seat, Montgomery AA’s refused to use public transport. This led to 85% decrease in bus use, and 70% decrease in bus revenue.

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29

Southern Christians Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 onw, founded by MLK JR, advocated of CR progression through non-violence.

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30

Little Rock Nine

1957, Nine AA students enrolled in a white school, faced angry mobs and state guards preventing their entry. President Eisenhower sent 101st airborne division to guard them. Only one graduated.

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31

Sit-ins

1960s, AA demonstrators occupied white only seats at lunch counters, restaurants, and other public facilities refusing to move until served. This took place all over the US.

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32

Freedom Rides

1961, Demonstrators tested the desegregation of interstate buses. Faced mobs, Klan activity, and a bomb at Anniston.

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33

Birmingham March

1963, the childrens crusade, a march to aggravate the white man, the march was televised and was to show the violence. Birmingham police chief Bull Connor had previously refused to desegregate.

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34

Washington March

1963, 250000 AA and White protestors march on washington demanding radical chane for equality.

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35

March on Selma

1965, A series of three protests to demand equal voting rights in Alabama.

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36

Black Panthers

1966-1982, An AA advocacy group in which they blamed the economic system of capitalism.

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37

Imperial Wizards

1865, Six former confederate soldiers formed an anti-racial equality group, they were headed by Nathan Bedford Forest. They started out with nightmare raids.

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38

What happened during the 1868 election?

2000 AA men killed by Klan members for attempting to vote.

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39

Birth of a Nation

A 1915 film that portrayed AA as evil, spikes klan engagement.

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40

Klan Membership

1920s → 4 million nationwide.

1930 → 30,000

Klan membership spiked during periods of peace for AA.

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41

What was the state of the Klan in 1990s

Membership had hugely declined, Klan members were being sued, the KKK went bankrupt, in 1997 Henry Hayed was executed for lynchings.

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42

Other opposition

Dixiecrats → 1948, southern democrat party. Anti-CR

United Klans of America

Knights of the KKK

Different peaceful Klans.

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43

Women’s Christian Union

1874, Aims to introduce alcohol in moderation and ban saloons.

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44

National Consumers League 1899

Improve wages for women and working conditions.

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45

Populists

Women who supported farmers rights

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46

American Women’s Suffrage Association (AWSA)

1869, led by Lucy Stone, by 1905 170,000 members, this then decreased, they wanted change on a state level.

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47

National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA)

1870s, They wanted change on a federal level.

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48

Congress Union for Women’s Suffrage

1917, more radical militant group, got 7 months in jail for voting and attempted hunger strikes.

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49

American Equal Rights Association (AERA)

1866, wanted women to be viewed exactly the same as men.

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50

National American Women’s Suffrage Association

The merger of the NWSA and AWSA, they started to shrink past 1920 after achieving voting rights.

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51

National League of Women Voters

Social / Political group that came out of the NAWSA at its end, not many joined this.

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52

National Association Opposed to Women’s Suffrage

1911 → Had a national journal called the Remonstrance, it said suffrage undermined womens place at home.

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53

Who was Betty Friedan?

An Author and advocate for women’s rights, she wrote the Feminine Mystique.

She opposed Gender Critical Feminism, and thought that women did nothing to help themselves.

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54

Nation of Women (NOW)

Co founded by Betty Friedan, women’s activist group.

1967 → Advocated for abortions rights

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55

Women’s Equity League

300 Cases against schools for discriminating against females students

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