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Pressure Groups and Individuals, Opposition Groups. (Native Americans, African Americans, Women, Trade Unions)
Bureau of Indian Affairs
1824, A federal agency within the US department of the interior, it’s main job was to manage the government’s relationship with Native tribes.
Indian Rights Association (IRA)
1882, Addressing the rights and welfare of Native peoples in the US.
Navajo Tribe
1868 → 8000 members
1900 → 22000 Members and 1.7 Million livestock.
Society of Indian Americans
1911, Advocated for citizenship rights, education reform, and the protection of tribal sovereignty.
Disbanded in 1920; not enough communication.
Civilian Conservation Corpse (CCC)
1933, Conservation and public work projects, provided relief to Natives during the depression. They did public work on reservations.
National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
1961, Largely based on NAACP, belief of peaceful protests and anti-violence. Focused on legal route for equality and integration.
American Indian Movement (AIM)
1968, Largely based on the nation of Islam, militarisation and violence. Focused on self-determination and separatism.
Siege of Alcatraz
A two year occupation of Alcatraz island, supported by media and celebrities. Focused attention on historical injustices faced by the Natives.
Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
1970, A non profit dedicated to advocating legal rights for natives.
Red Power Movement
inspired by the civil rights movement, NA organised to demand Civil Rights, Sovereignty and recognition of treaty rights.
Occupation of Mt. Rushmore
1971, AIM activists occupied the monument to demand the return of Native lands and asert indigenous sovereignty.
AIM V. BIA
1972, AIM activists briefly took over the HQ of the Bureau of indian affairs.
Wounded Knee Occupation
1973, AIM activist occupied the town of wounded knee protesting against injustices towards NA and treaties.
Pine Ridge Occupation
1975, AIM activists led a protest on the pine ridge reservation against corruption and human right abuses.
Indian Policy Review Commission
1983, reviewed federal policy and program affecting Native, favoured assimilation.
Booker T. Washington
1856-1915, A prominent educator and leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance. HHe did not believe in equal rights unless AA ‘earned’ them.
Ida B. Wells
1862-1931, A prominent anti-lynching and womans suffrage activist. Carried guns when she walked around. From 1882-1968 there was over 4700 lynchings.
W.E.B Du Bois
1868-1963, Co-founder of the NAACP and strong advocate for political action, higher education, and social reform to achieve racial equality.
Marcus Garvey
1887-1940, Promoter of black nationalism, economic empowerment and the return of the African dispora to their ancestral lands.
Phillip Randolph
1889-1979, Founder of the borhterhood of sleeping car porters and organiser of the march on washington, fighter of labour rights and racial equality.
National Association for Advancment of Coloured People (NAACP)
1909 onw, A peaceful group to promote an end to racial discrimination, and to promote political, educational and social growth.
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
1914-1919, Black nationalist organisation dedicated to promoting the economic self-sufficiency, political empowerment, and cultural pride of AA.
Black Star Line
1919-1922, A shipping company established by Garvey and the UNIA. Promotion of black economic independence and facilitating trade and travel among the African diaspora.
Nation of Islam
1930 onw, AA polotical and religious movement advocating for black self-sufficiency and seperatism.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1942 onw, A group promoting peace, equality, political growth, social reform and economic growth.
Malcolm X
1925-1965, Prominent AA minister and human rights activist, black empowerment, self-defence, racial justice, and seperatism.
Martin Luther King Jr.
1929-1968, Baptist minister who advocated for non-violent resistance and equality.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955-1956, After rosa parks refusal to give up her seat, Montgomery AA’s refused to use public transport. This led to 85% decrease in bus use, and 70% decrease in bus revenue.
Southern Christians Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1957 onw, founded by MLK JR, advocated of CR progression through non-violence.
Little Rock Nine
1957, Nine AA students enrolled in a white school, faced angry mobs and state guards preventing their entry. President Eisenhower sent 101st airborne division to guard them. Only one graduated.
Sit-ins
1960s, AA demonstrators occupied white only seats at lunch counters, restaurants, and other public facilities refusing to move until served. This took place all over the US.
Freedom Rides
1961, Demonstrators tested the desegregation of interstate buses. Faced mobs, Klan activity, and a bomb at Anniston.
Birmingham March
1963, the childrens crusade, a march to aggravate the white man, the march was televised and was to show the violence. Birmingham police chief Bull Connor had previously refused to desegregate.
Washington March
1963, 250000 AA and White protestors march on washington demanding radical chane for equality.
March on Selma
1965, A series of three protests to demand equal voting rights in Alabama.
Black Panthers
1966-1982, An AA advocacy group in which they blamed the economic system of capitalism.
Imperial Wizards
1865, Six former confederate soldiers formed an anti-racial equality group, they were headed by Nathan Bedford Forest. They started out with nightmare raids.
What happened during the 1868 election?
2000 AA men killed by Klan members for attempting to vote.
Birth of a Nation
A 1915 film that portrayed AA as evil, spikes klan engagement.
Klan Membership
1920s → 4 million nationwide.
1930 → 30,000
Klan membership spiked during periods of peace for AA.
What was the state of the Klan in 1990s
Membership had hugely declined, Klan members were being sued, the KKK went bankrupt, in 1997 Henry Hayed was executed for lynchings.
Other opposition
Dixiecrats → 1948, southern democrat party. Anti-CR
United Klans of America
Knights of the KKK
Different peaceful Klans.
Women’s Christian Union
1874, Aims to introduce alcohol in moderation and ban saloons.
National Consumers League 1899
Improve wages for women and working conditions.
Populists
Women who supported farmers rights
American Women’s Suffrage Association (AWSA)
1869, led by Lucy Stone, by 1905 170,000 members, this then decreased, they wanted change on a state level.
National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA)
1870s, They wanted change on a federal level.
Congress Union for Women’s Suffrage
1917, more radical militant group, got 7 months in jail for voting and attempted hunger strikes.
American Equal Rights Association (AERA)
1866, wanted women to be viewed exactly the same as men.
National American Women’s Suffrage Association
The merger of the NWSA and AWSA, they started to shrink past 1920 after achieving voting rights.
National League of Women Voters
Social / Political group that came out of the NAWSA at its end, not many joined this.
National Association Opposed to Women’s Suffrage
1911 → Had a national journal called the Remonstrance, it said suffrage undermined womens place at home.
Who was Betty Friedan?
An Author and advocate for women’s rights, she wrote the Feminine Mystique.
She opposed Gender Critical Feminism, and thought that women did nothing to help themselves.
Nation of Women (NOW)
Co founded by Betty Friedan, women’s activist group.
1967 → Advocated for abortions rights
Women’s Equity League
300 Cases against schools for discriminating against females students
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