MTLAWS AND BIOETHICS

4000 BC.

Year where:

• Accounts of physicians in Babylon observed “color and consistency of urine”

1500 BC

Year where:

• Ebers papyrus “accounts of polyuria and intestinal worms” (Vivian Herrick)

• parasitology

460 BC

Year where:

• Hippocrates “studied the signs and symptoms in humans and correlated with the diseases”

• pathology

1096-1438

Year where:

• Urinalysis was a fad and diagnosing diseases by the appearance of the urine (M. Ruth Williams).

• Hindu Doctors associated their findings as “madhumeha” or “honey urine”

14th Century

Year where:

• Italian physician Mondino de’ Liuzzi of Bologna University employed Alessandra Gillani who died from a laboratory acquired infection (Anne Fagelson)

Between 15th to 19th Century

Year where:

• Accounts of the use of Aniline dyes was very wide providing horizon to staining procedure in microbiology

Malphigi (1628-1694)

Year where:

• described as the “greatest” of the early microscopist and his work in embryology and anatomy marked him as the

• “father of pathology”

17th (1632-1723) Century

Year where:

• Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek used the first functional microscope - RBCs and Protozoa were studied extensively

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microbiology

1800 (Dr. William Occam)

Year where:

• Laboratory findings were used for the diagnosis of his patients

1815 Apothecaries Act

Year where:

• Act which organized the education and training requirements in medicine. under the leadership of Baron Karl Wilhelm con Humboldt

Baron Karl Wilhelm con Humboldt

Started Medical training

1844

Year where:

• First Chemical laboratory was established (related to medicine) in the University of Michigan

1884

Year where:

• First lab instructions published under Dr. Douglas

1854

Year where:

• Similar laboratory was established at the Medical College of St. Bartholomew

1858

Year where:

• practicing clinicians were re-enforced as teachers applying laboratory methods in practice and teaching at the University college of Cambridge

1878

Year where:

• Dr. William Welch: Bellevue Hospital Medical College: 3 rooms and antique microscopes (presumably the First Pathology Lab ever established)

Bellevue Hospital Medical College

• presumably the First Pathology Lab ever established

1885

Year where:

• Dr. Welch, 1st Professor of Pathology at John Hopkins University

• The First Clinical Laboratory in the US, The William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened as a fully equipped facility for performing routine laboratory work as well as research

William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine

• First Clinical Laboratory in the US

1885-1887

Year where:

• Sir John Scott Burdon Sanderson concluded the use of lab methods in pathological problems (used for diagnosis)

1896

Year where:

• John Hopkins University established its First Clinical Laboratory

• Similarly, University of Pennsylvania - Other cities: Boston, Baltimore, New York among others established the same laboratories

1900

Year where:

• Census of about 100 technicians ALL MALE were employed in the US. This increased to 3500 in 1920.

• In 1922, account suggest that hospitals across the US had a clinical laboratory

1908

Year where:

• Dr. James C. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sanford - “Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” to “ Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods”

Dr. James C. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sanford

Authors of “Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” to “ Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods”

1915

Year where:

• the state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring “all hospitals and institutions to have an adequate laboratory and employ a full time laboratory techincian”

1922

Year where:

• One of the First Schools for Training Laboratory workers (established at the University of Minnesota).

• A Course bulletin was titled “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians” was issued

1923

Year where:

• University of Minnesota was the first to offer a degree level program

World War II

Year where:

• marked effect on laboratory medicine.

• Instrumentation was advanced and new chemical tests became possible

• Automated equipment appeared and quality control programs became common.

1940

Year where:

• US required a 2 year collegiate education and 12 months of Actual Laboratory Training for the preparation of Laboratory practice (internship)

1950

Year where:

• a Standardized Curriculum was introduced in preparation for Bachelor Degree

208 Quiricada St. Sta. Cruz Manila

Clinical lab was introduced by the 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th United States Army at ?

1944

Year Where:

• February; training of HS Grad as technicians was started

October 1, 1945

Date where:

• Dr. Pio de Roda, who was one of the staff of the clinical laboratory, formally organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory from the remnants of the US deserted laboratory assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano who was then the Manila City Health Officer

Dr. Pio de Roda

Organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory from remnants of the US

Dr. Mariano Icasiano

who was then the Manila City Health Officer and assisted Dr. Pio de Roda

February 1947

Year Where:

• through Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta Ana - the training of high school graduates to work as medical technicians was revived. No definite period of training as set and no certificate were given to trainees

Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta Ana

• the training of high school graduates to work as medical technicians was revived. No definite period of training as set and no certificate were given to trainees

As early as 1953

Year Where:

• Manila Sanitarium (Manila Adventist Medical Center) in cooperation with the Philippine Union College (Adventist University of Philippines) the First B.S degree course in Medical Technology was offered

Manila Adventist Medical Center with Adventist University of Philippines

Offered the First B.S degree course in Medical Technology

1954

Year Where:

• Dr. Tirso Briones a six-month laboratory training with certificate upon completion was given to the trainees. Dr. Sta Ana prepared the syllabus for the training program

• The first school of Medical Technology in the country was opened by the Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH). It was under the leadership of Mrs. Willa Hilgert - Hedrick and her husband Mr. Elvin Hedrick. The dedication to establish the first 5-year program (BS program) for medical technology education regarded as the Founder of Medical Technology

• The School of Medical Technology was later on absorbed by the Philippine Union College (Adventist University of the Philippines) leaving to Manila Sanitarium and Hospital the facility for its clinical division. After 2 years (1956), PUC produced its first graduate, Dr. Jesse Umali followed by Mr. Avelino Olivia and Miss Adoracion Yutuc.

Dr. Tirso Briones

This person offered six-month laboratory training with certificate upon completion was given to the trainees

Dr. Sta Ana

prepared the syllabus for the training program

Mrs. Willa Hilgert - Hedrick & Mr. Elvin Hedrick

• First school of Medical Technology in the country was opened by the Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH).

• Founder of Medical Technology

Dr. Jesse Umali

• First Graduate of PUC/Adventist, who later on studied medicine at FEU and became successful OB-Gyne

Mr. Avelino Olivia and Miss Adoracion Yutuc.

Followed Dr. Jesse Umali as the Graduates of PUC/Adventist

1957

Year Where:

• UST offered an elective course. Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes of the Faculty of Pharmacy, UST offered Medical Technology as an elective subject to 4th & 5th tear B.S Pharmacy students. The full recognition of the 4 year B.S Medical Technology course was given on June 14, 1961

Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes

______________ & ____________ of the Faculty of Pharmacy, UST offered Medical Technology as an elective subject to 4th & 5th tear B.S Pharmacy students.

June 14, 1961

The full recognition of the 4 year B.S Medical Technology course was given on ?

1961

Year Where:

• FEU through Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin Juliano opened the 2 year program and the School of Medical Technology.

• The first graduates were in 1963

Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin Juliano

In FEU they opened the 2 year program and the School of Medical Technology.

Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969

RA 5527 also known as?

June 21, 1969

RA 5527 or Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 was passed on ________?

1. RA 6138 (Aug 31, 1970)

2. PD 498 (June 28, 1974)

3. PD 1534 (June 11, 1978)

What are the Three Amendments of RA 5527 (w/ dates)?

RA 6138 (Aug 31, 1970)

What Amendment has these Sections Amended?

• 16, 21, 22

PD 498 (June 28, 1974)

What Amendment has these Sections Amended?

• 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 21, 29

most # of Section amendment

PD 1534 (June 11, 1978)

What Amendment has these Sections Amended?

• 3, 8, 13

32 Sections

How many sections does RA 5527 have?

The 32 Sections of RA 5527

RA 5527 SECTION 2: Definition of Terms

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• MT

• Practice of MT

• Patho

• LabTech

• Board of MT

• Council of MT

RA 5527 SECTION 3: Council of Medical Technology Education

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

Chairman:

• CHED Chairperson

Vice-Chairman:

• PRC Chairperson

Members:

• Deans of SMT, PAMET, PSP, DOH Director, Members of the Board

PASMET & DEAN

Who proposes the curriculum for schools if CHED only approves it?

RA 5527 SECTION 5: Functions of the CMTE

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• Recommend curriculum

• Certify students for internship (accredited TCL)

• Accredits SMT and TCL (SMT = CHED, TCL = DOH)

• Recommend, Formulate Refresher Course

• Determine # of students who can enroll

RA 5527 SECTION 6: Minimum Required Course

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• CMO no. 13 s. 2017

  • 3 years academic program & 1 year internship

RA 5527 SECTION 7: Medical Technology Board

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

Chairman:

• Pathologist

(to appoint chairman, this is the flow:

Nomination (by PSP & PAMET) → Recommendation (PRC Chairperson) → Appointment (Pres. of the Phil)

Members:

• 2 RMT

RA 5527 SECTION 8: Qualifications of the MTB

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• Filipino Citizen of Good moral character

• 10 years active in the practice

• Not affiliated in any SMT for AT LEAST 2 years

RA 5527 SECTION 9: Executive of the Board

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• PRC Chairperson

RA 5527 SECTION 11: Function of the MTB

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• Regulate & monitor the practice of the profession

• Administers investigation

• Prepare the syllabus for the board examination

• Prepares questions for the board exam

• Score and rate the board exam

RA 5527 SECTION 12: Removal of the Members of MTB

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• Negligence

• Incompetence

• Malpractice

• Demoralizing Acts

(the one who appoints have the rights to remove)

RA 5527 SECTION 14: Inhibition Against the Practice of MT

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

No person shall be allowed to practice the profession w/o COR EXCEPT:

• Registered Physician

• MT from other countries called by the government for specific reasons

• MT in service of the USAF station in the country

RA 5527 SECTION 15: Examination

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

2x a year

• Before it is limited only to Manila, Cebu, Davao

• Feb/March - only on WEEKDAYS

• Aug/Sept - only on WEEKENDS

RA 5527 SECTION 16: Qualifications of Examinees

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• Filipino Citizen

• Finished 4 years course in BSMT, BSMLS, BSPH

PRC res. 323 - “Aliens” can take if they have 3 years of permanent residency or their country has reciprocity

RA 5527 SECTION 17: Scope of Examination

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

Major Subjects (20%)

• CC, MICROBIO, PARA (day 1)

• HEMA ISBB (day 2)

Minor Subjects (10%)

• CM (day 1)

• MTLBE & HP (day 2)

RA 5527 SECTION 18: Report of Ratings

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

BEFORE: 120 days after last day of exam

PRESENT: According to RA 8981 it has to w/ in 10 days ang release

RA 5527 SECTION 19: Rating the Exam

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• 75% Exam

• No less than 50% in any major subject

• Pass more than 60% of the subject by weight

RA 5527 SECTION 20: Oath Taking

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

Conducted by the Board of MT or anyone authorized by the law

3 years license expiry

RA 5527 SECTION 23: Refusal to Issue COR

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

• Less than 21 yrs of age

• Unsound Mind

• Charged w/ criminal offense

• Incurable & Communicable Disease

RA 5527 SECTION 24: Administrative Investigation

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

Conducted by a Tribunal: 1 legal officer & 2 MTB

REPRIMAND: 1/3 says you are guilty (warning)

SUSPENSION: 2/3 license & MT practice suspension (majority)

REVOCATION: 3/3 Revokes license (unanimous)

GROUNDS:

• Penal Provision

• Negligence

• Malpractice

• Demoralizing Act

• Practicing w/o License

• Practicing w/o COR

• Practicing using other license

3PS for Penal Provision are:

• Failure to display COR

• Fake License

• Faking Lab Results

3FS for Penal Provision are:

RA 5527 SECTION 29: Penal Provision

RA 5527 SECTION _?:

ex:

Fine: 2k - 5k

Imprisonment: 6 months - 2 years

SB 1891

SB 2503

Sections (?) that tried to appeal RA 5527

Clinical Laboratory Act of 1966

RA 4688 also known as?

AO # 0037 S. 2021

Implementing Rules and Regulations for RA 4688:

• Clinical pathology

• Anatomic Pathology

• Molbio Lab

Classification of Lab:

• Function has three types these are

• Private

• Government

Classification of Lab:

• Ownership has two types these are

• Free Standing

• Hospital Based Lab

Classification of Lab:

• Institutional Characteristics has two types these are

4 Clinical Laboratories

DOH

Supervision:

• Pathologist may supervise how many Clinical Lab in RA 4688 and must have training from ?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Limited - service CL, COVID

RA 4688 has 4 Services + 1 extra, these are?

1. Routine HEMA, UA, FA

2. Blood Typing (hospital based only)

3. Qualitative Platelet Count

RA 4688 Primary Services includes:

1. Routine HEMA, UA, FA

2. Blood Typing (hospital based only)

3. Qualitative Platelet Count

4. Routine Chemistry

5. Crossmatching, G/S, KOH (hosp-based CL)

6. Quantitative platelet count

RA 4688 Secondary Services includes:

1. Routine HEMA, UA, FA

2. Blood Typing (hospital based only)

3. Qualitative Platelet Count

4. Routine Chemistry

5. Crossmatching, G/S, KOH (hosp-based CL)

6. Quantitative platelet count

7. Special tests in HEMA, CHEM (eg. Coagulation studies and Enzyme studies)

8. IS; Microbio

RA 4688 Tertiary Services includes:

1. DOH (apply)

2. Yearly

3. 1 Year

4. DOH, every 2 years

5. Write a letter to DOH 15 days prior to changes

License Requirements for Clinical Laboratories:

1. Where?

2. When? (renewal)

3. Validity

4. Inspection

5. Changes in the Lab

pathologist & physician

Lab requests and reports:

• Consultation between ______ & ______

pathologist ; emergency

All reports must be signed by the _____

• Except in case of _________

1 year ; Permanently

Record Keeping:

• CP Lab reports must be kept on file in the lab at least _____

• Anatomic Records _______

National Blood Services Act of 1994

RA 7719 also known as?

• Volunteerism

RA 7719

This RA repeals the 1517 BB Law

BS (Blood Station)

BCU (Blood Collection Unit)

BC (Blood Center)

BB (Blood Bank)

Classification of BSF (Blood Services Facilities) are:

BS (Blood Station)

Classification of BSF that:

• Stores, Issues, Transports and Distributes Whole Blood and Packed Red Blood Cells