Anatomy and Physiology Hesi A2 Nurse Hub Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from Anatomy and Physiology for Hesi A2 exam preparation.

What is the function of endocrine glands?

They secrete hormones directly into the blood.

What defines a tissue?

A group of similar cells and their intercellular matrix that carry out a specific function together.

Which type of cancer is identified using the ABCD method?

Melanoma.

What is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration that can lead to muscular fatigue?

Lactic Acid.

What organelle would be abundant in leukocytes?

Lysosomes.

Which of the following is NOT a bone of the lower extremities?

Ulna.

Where are the internal reproductive organs located?

Pelvic region.

What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion slows down.

Which male reproductive organ is also part of the urinary system?

Urethra.

Which two bones do the carpals articulate with?

Radius and Ulna.

What type of synovial joint is the shoulder?

Ball and socket.

What is the purpose of gastric mucus?

To protect the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes.

What does antidiuretic hormone stimulate?

Water reabsorption from the urinary filtrate.

What is the correct pathway of blood through the circulatory system?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body tissues, vena cava, right atrium.

Which glands secrete earwax?

Ceruminous glands.

Where is the popliteal artery located?

Behind the knee.

What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?

The formation of red blood cells; occurs in red bone marrow.

What food might cause a yellowish color in the skin?

Carrots and squash.

What is injured when a ligament is stretched or torn?

A sprain.

Which organelle regulates the transport of substances in and out of the cell?

Cell membrane.

What best describes the anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body’s sides, feet flat and directed forward, palms facing anteriorly.

What muscle is located on the outer side of the leg?

Vastus lateralis.

Where does digestion begin?

In the oral cavity.

Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

The flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicles.

What is a risk for a patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes?

Extensive bleeding.

Which organ is responsible for most nutrient absorption?

Small intestine.

What nerve might be compromised if there is decreased sensation in the arm?

Ulnar nerve.

Which part of the brain processes auditory information?

Temporal lobe.

What molecule carries genetic instructions?

DNA.

Which cavity contains the mediastinum?

Thoracic cavity.

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

To secrete oil that lubricates the skin and prevents drying.

Which anatomical structure is designated by letter B?

Left atrium.

What does the mitral valve do?

Lets blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

Carries oxygen to tissues and organs.

Which minerals are stored in the skeletal system?

Calcium and phosphorus.

List the layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to deepest.

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum.

What travels from the kidney to the urinary bladder?

Ureter.

Where does fertilization of an ovum occur?

Fallopian tube.

What are the bones found in the ear called?

Malleus, incus, and stapes.

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest muscular wall?

Left ventricle.

Where is the tibialis anterior located?

Front of the lower extremities.

What type of tissue is most widely distributed?

Connective tissue.

Which muscles pull a body part away from the midline?

Abductors.

Which structure may be injured in a car accident involving the sternum?

Xiphoid process.

Which plane divides the body into left and right sides?

Sagittal plane.

What type of joint is the elbow?

Hinge joint.

Which structure is part of the respiratory system?

Pharynx.

How does serotonin affect the body?

Regulates mood, anxiety, sleep, memory, and appetite.

What type of connection do ligaments create?

Bone to bone.

Which statement about the endocrine system is false?

The hypothalamus is commonly known as the 'Master gland.'

What bone may have been injured if a patient has a deviated septum?

Vomer.

What group of organs facilitates gas exchange in the respiratory system?

Organ system.

What is secreted by the adrenal glands?

Cortisol and aldosterone.

How do eccrine glands maintain temperature homeostasis?

By secreting a watery substance that evaporates.

What organ system regulates homeostasis through hormone signaling?

Endocrine system.

What returns blood from the lung back to the heart?

Pulmonary vein.

What digests damaged cellular structures and macromolecules?

Lysosomes.

What responds to a decrease of calcium levels in the blood?

Osteoclasts.

What does cranial mean?

Skull.

Which components in white blood cells dispose of harmful intruders?

Lysosomes.

What results from a damaged olfactory nerve?

Reduced sense of smell.

Which part of the eye allows us to see color?

Retina.

Where are T-lymphocytes developed?

Thymus.

What describes cellular respiration?

An oxidative catabolic activity.

What describes the distal region of the humerus?

The epiphysis that articulates with the radius and ulna.

What artery's pulse point is located on the neck?

Carotid artery.

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosome.

What must be present for muscle contraction besides ATP?

Calcium.

Where is stratum corneum especially thick?

Heel of the foot.

In which layer of the skin does mitosis occur?

Stratum germinativum.

Where is cerumen secreted?

External auditory canal.

Which tissue provides the matrix that supports other tissues?

Connective tissue.

Which tissue functions in covering and protecting surfaces?

Epithelial tissue.

What is the name of the plane that divides the body into left and right?

Sagittal plane.

What organelle is responsible for DNA?

Nucleus.

What is the process of forming new red blood cells called?

Erythropoiesis.

What components carry out blood clotting?

Thrombocytes.

What makes up the largest component of whole blood?

Plasma.

Which type of tissue provides rigidity and forms lacunae?

Bone.

What feature of veins results in lower pressure?

They have thinner, more compliant vessel walls than arteries.

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum.

What hormone assists estrogen in forming the endometrium?

Progesterone.

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland called?

Adenohypophysis.

What separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavities?

Diaphragm.

What blood vessel delivers blood into the right atrium?

Vena cava.

What is one function of the hypothalamus?

Regulating body temperature.

Where do you find aqueous humor?

Between the lens and cornea in the eye.

Which structure cools the body to maintain temperature homeostasis?

Eccrine glands.

Which structure directs sound waves into the ear?

Auricle.

What is absorbed directly into the blood?

Amino acids.

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

It does not articulate with any other bone.

What happens if the femoral artery is cut?

The popliteal artery would not receive blood.

What organ does listening to music stimulate?

Cochlea.

What type of tissue provides support for the organs?

Connective tissue.

What salivary gland contributes primarily to saliva production?

Submandibular glands.

Which system coordinates body processes through hormones?

Endocrine system.

In relation to the lungs, where is the diaphragm located?

Inferior.

What segment of the pharynx contains pharyngeal tonsils?

Nasopharynx.

What is the sequence of transport of filtrate from nephrons?

Proximal Convoluted Tubule- Loop of Henle- Distal Convoluted Tubule- Collecting Duct- Minor Calyx- Major Calyx- Renal Pelvis.

What glands lubricate the skin by releasing oily secretions?

Sebaceous glands.