lecture 1 parasitology nmu

مثا

مثا

الماده دي سهله فشخ بس فيها حفظ كتير فا الكروت فيها هتفرق كتييييييييييييييير ومش هتكون حافظهم من اول مره اكيد بس استمر

وياريت تحفظ/ي الكلمات اللي تحتها الخط لانها هي المعلومه والباقي تزيين اكيد مهم بردو بس انت فاهم بقا

what are the 9 types of parasites ??

اسمهم بس

متتخضش

كررها كتير عشان تتمكن منها

خدها سكرين.. كدا يعني

1-obligatory parasites

2-facultative parasites

3-ectoparasites

4-endoparasites

5-temporary parasites

6-permanent parasites

7-specific parasites

8-accidental parasites

9-coprozic (spurious) parasites

obligatory parasites are ?

are parasites that live only in or on their hosts, they can’t complete their life-cycle without a suitable host

Facultative parasites are ?

parasite can live freely in the environment (in soil or water) but also live as parasites in hosts under unfavorable environmental conditions.

Ectoparasites are ?

Parasites which live on the outside of the host.

Endoparasites are ?

Parasites which live within the body of the host.

جواه يعني

Temporary parasites are ?

The parasite visits the host temporarily from time to time for feeding.

زي الناموس

Permanent parasites are ?

These are parasites which always infect the host and don’t leave him.

compare between temporary and permanent parasites with examples

مثالين علي ال permanent

مثال علي ال temporary

specific parasites are ?

parasites affects only one host species

مثلا بني ادمين فقط الخ

accidental parasites are ?

قول مثال بليز

parasites are normally not maintained in the human, but they infect him accidentally by mistake.

e.g. larvae of flies which are accidentally ingested and live in the intestine of man.

المثال دا بيحصل لو الاكل ملوث دبان جه عليه او كدا D:

coprozoic (spurious) parasites are ?

معانا مثال هنا

parasitic species foreign to the host which has just passed through the alimentary canal without infecting the host to be recovered in the feces

(e.g. Fasciola parasite eggs in animal liver).

enumerate the 6 types of hosts :D

1-definitive host

2-intermediate host

3-reservoir host

4-vector host

5-transport (paratenic) host

6- dead-end (final) host

definitive host is ?

a host in which the parasite adult stage is present or in which sexual reproduction occurs.

intermediate host is ?

a host in which the immature (larval) stages are present or in which asexually reproduction occurs.

واخد بالك ان دي عكس اللي فوق تماما

هو هنا صغير وبيعمل انقسام asexual

بينما هناك في ال definitive

بيكون mature يعني adult

وبيعمل sexual reproduction

اعتقد سهله خالص كدا

reservoir host is ?

an animal that harbors the parasite and acts as continuous source of human infection

من الاخر يعني دا حيوان دخل جواه الباراسايت دا ومش بيظهر عليه اعراض فا لما انا ك بني ادم اتغذي عليه هيجيلي انا المرض دا ب اعراضه وهي اصلا مش ظاهره علي الحيوان

vector host is ?

an arthropod that transmits the parasite from one host to another.

زي ال مالاريا بلازموديوم اللي خدناها في تالته

فيه حشره وصلتلي انا ك انسان وجباتلي المرض لحد عندي بس النقطه هنا انها اصلا واخجه الباراسايت دا من انسان تاني مصاب

اعتقد سهله

Transport (Paratenic) host is ?

It harbors a parasite in an arrested state of development, but the parasite remains alive and ready to infect a suitable host.

هنا الباراسايت مرتاح و inactive اصلا

وفيه هوست حيوان يعني بيجيله الباراسايت دا

وهيفضل الباراسايت مريح كدا لحد ما يوصل ل هوست مناسب

انسان مثلا

Dead-end (Final) host is ?

A host from which infection can't be transmitted to other susceptible hosts.

هنا الطبيعي انه بيلف بين الخروف والكلب اول ما يوصل للانسان ايا كان الطريقه اي

خلت الانسان يعتبر نهايه مسدوده لحياه الباراسايت لانه مش هيعرف يروح ل كائن تاني عن طريق الانسان

what is symbiosis definition

enumerate the 4 types pls

Symbiosis is defined as a relationship between two organisms that live closely together

1-parasitism

2-mutualism

3-commensalism

4-phoresis

parasitism is ?

One of the two organisms benefits (nutrition and shelter), on the expense of the other that suffers from such association.

commensalism is ?

The commensal organism benefits (nutrition and shelter)

The other organism neither benefits nor harms from that relation.

mutualism is ? with an example

Both organisms benefit from that relation to an extent that they can’t live separately.

ex: A flagellate in the intestine of termite that feed on wood.

phoresis means

with example اختياري

The phoront is usually a smaller organism that is carried mechanically by a larger one. The relation is just carriage without dependency

enumerate the 7 pathological effects of parasites

1-lytic necrosis

2-trauma

3-physical obstruction

4-inflammatory reaction

5-allergic manifestation

6-neoplasia

7-space occupying lesions

مع الوقت هتظبط

lytic necrosis is ? from pathological effects of parasites

قول مثال

Enzymes produced by some parasites cause lysis of tissue in their habitat,

e.g. Entamoeba histolytica causing intestinal ulcers.

trauma is ? from pathological effects of parasites

قول مثال

Attachment of some parasites in their habitat causes tear and damage to the tissue,

e.g. Hookworm (Ancylostoma) causing bleeding and anemia.

physical obstruction is ? from pathological effects of parasites

قول مثال

Masses of collected worms may cause obstruction to luminal organs,

e.g. Ascaris causing intestinal obstruction.

inflammatory reaction is ? pathological effects of parasites

قول مثال

Clinical illness may occur due to inflammatory changes and fibrosis,

e.g.: Schistosoma mansoni causing liver fibrosis.

allergic manifestation is ? pathological effects of parasites

قول مثال

The host immune response to the parasite may cause allergic manifestations,

e.g. insect bites causing allergic rash.

neoplasia is ? pathological effects of pathogens

قول مثال

Few parasitic infections lead to malignancy,

e.g.: Schistosoma haematobium causing cancer bladder

Space occupying lesions is ? pathological effects of parasites

قول مثال

Some parasites cause cystic lesions that compress on surroundings,

e.g.: Echinococcus causing hydatid cyst.

what are the 3 major groups of parasites ?

1. Helminths.

2. Protozoa.

3. Arthropods.