ZOOLOGY 101: Exam 1

covalent bond

electrons are shared between atoms

polar bond

electrons shared unequally

nonpolar bond

electrons shared equally

hydrogen bond

attraction of partial charges

hydrocarbon

chemical compound of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

functional group

certain atom groups that determine the chemical reaction of molecules

macromolecule

molecule with large number of atoms

monomer

a single molecule

dimer

two identical molecules linked together

polymer

molecular structure of large number bonded togeher

hydrolysis

breakdown of polymers (water in, monomer out)

dehydration synthesis

joining of monomers (water out, monomer in)

enzyme

speeds up chemical reactions

carbohydrate

a macromolecule that provides energy

monosaccharide

single sugar (carbohydrate)

disaccharide

two simple sugars (carbohydrate)

oligosaccharide

3-10 simple sugars linked together (carbohydrate)

polysaccharide

10 + simple sugars linked together (carbohydrate)

cellulose

primary structural of plant cell walls

glycogen

energy storage of glucose in animals and humans

starch

energy storage molecule in plants

chitin

primary structural in fungi and exoskeletons

glucose

primary energy production and regulation of cell function

amino acid

simple organic compound: both a carboxyl & amino acid group

protein

complex macromolecules made up of multiple polypeptide chains

polypeptide

linear chain of amino acids linked together

peptide bond

covalent bond that links the amino acid group to the carboxyl group

hydrophobic

substances that hate water

hydrophilic

substances that love water

reactant

substance that participates in a chemical reaction

product

substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction

active site

specific part of an enzyme where the substrate binds and have chemical reaction

denaturation

alteration of the structure of a protein or nucleic acid

conformation

shape or structure of something

lipid

a complex macromolecule found in living organisms (fats)

triglyceride

type of fat that stores energy in the body

phospholipid

type of fat molecule that contains phosphate group

amphipathic

molecules that have both water loving and water hating parts

micelle

tiny, ball-like structure made up by sufactants

steroid

type of chemical compound in plants and animals

lipoprotein

proteins that carry fats through the bloodstream

saturated fatty acid

fats with straight chain structure (no double bond)

unsaturated fatty acid

fats with bent chain structure (one or double bonds)

prokaryote

single cell no nucleus organism

plasma membrane

thin, flexible layer that surrounds and protects the cell

cytosol

jelly-like liquid inside cells

ribosome

cytoplasmic structure composed of proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

chromosome

structures inside cells composed of DNA and proteins

DNA

special code that tells us how to grow and function

nucleoid region

area in a prokaryotic cell where genetic material is located

cell wall

strong, protective layer that surrounds plant cells

peptidoglycan

polymer that makes up the cell walls of bacteria

flagella

little motor that helps cells move around

decomposer

organisms that break down dead plants and animals

symbiosis

relationship between two different species at least one benefits

mutualism

relationship between two different species that both benefit (ex: bees and flowers)

microbiome

all the microorganisms that live on or in us

antibiotic

fight infections caused by bacteria

halophile

organisms that need salt to survive

thermophile

organisms that love hot places

methanogen

organisms that can live with no oxygen

sterol

subgroup of steroids maintaining cellular structure and function

transmembrane protein

cover the entire lipid bilayer of cell membranes

peripheral membrane

proteins that stick temporarily on the surface of the membrane

glycoprotein

type of molecule made of protein and carbohydrate

diffusion

passive movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance across a space

passive transport

movement of substances across cell membrane without use of ATP

active transport

movement of substances across cell membrane with use of ATP

facilitated difussion

assistance of certain transport proteins (passive transport mechanism)

carrier protein

protein changes its shape to allow molecules to pass through

channel protein

proteins form small openings for molecules to diffuse through

osmosis

movement of water molecules through a permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration

aquaporin

specialized channel proteins to help with rapid transport of water molecules

hypotonic

higher concentration of water

hypertonic

lower concentration of water

isotonic

same concentration of water

ATP

primary energy carrier in all living cells

pump

actively transports ions and molecules across plasma membrane

endocytosis

bring substance into cell

exocytosis

substance released from cell

vesicle

membrane-bound sac

pinocytosis

“cell drinking” takes in fluid

phagocytosis

“cell eating” takes in food

receptor

membrane protein with binding site with specific shape for signal to bind

LDL

bad cholesterol

eukaryote

complex cells that contain nucleus

organelle

tiny part inside cell that has a special job

nucleus

control center of cell

nuclear pore

small opening to allow molecules in

nuclear lamina

dense network of protein filaments

nuclear envelope

double layer membrane surrounds the nucleus

nucleoplasm

jelly-like substance

nucleolus

small part that makes ribosomes

endomembrane system

keep the cell’s parts from mixing

endoplasmic reticulum

delivery system that make and move important proteins and fats

golgi apparatus

“post office” package and send materials to different parts of cells

glycoprotein

special protein that has carbohydrate attached

glycosylation

carbohydrate molecules are attached to proteins or lipids

lysosome

“garbage trucks” breaking down waste and keeping cell healthy