Studied by 41 peopleaccommodations
For assessments, involves altering the setting (e.g., situation or time limits), the presentation format (e.g., instructions read aloud), or the response format (e.g., oral or typed responses)
adaptive behavior
consists of social intelligence and practical intelligence
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
provides protections of civil rights in the specific areas of employment, transportation, public accommodations, state and local government, and telecommunications
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a low-incidence disability that is projected to become a high-incidence disability in the near future
collaborative consultation
a method of inclusion in which the special education teacher or psychologist acts as an expert who provides advice to the general education teacher
cooperative learning
a method of inclusion in which students work together in heterogeneous small groups to solve problems or practice responses
co-teaching
a method of inclusion in which one teacher instructs and the other assists in some way (usually)
Down syndrome
the most common form of intellectual disability at birth; those with this condition often scoring in the moderate IQ range (about 35-50)
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
Barack Obama’s education program (2015), intended to update and replace NCLB; among other features, requires standardized testing even for exceptional learners (just like NCLB)
exceptional learners
those who require special education and related services if they are to realize their full human potential; abilities, their most important characteristic
Fragile X syndrome
the most common known hereditary cause of intellectual disabilities; also, the second most common form of intellectual disability
free and appropriate public education (FAPE)
mandated by IDEA; for students with IEPs, includes placement in the least restrictive environment (LRE)
high-incidence disorders
disabilities occurring with a relatively high frequency because they are among the most common (e.g., learning disabilities, communication [speech and language] disorders, emotional disturbance, and mild intellectual disorders)
low-incidence disorders
disabilities occurring relatively rarely (e.g., blindness, deafness, severe intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder [ASD], and traumatic brain injury)
inclusion
teaching students with disabilities in the same environment as their age peers who don’t have disabilities; the most common and also controversial trend in special education
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
the first federal law (1975; updated 1990, 1997, etc.) mandating free appropriate public education (FAPE) for all children with disabilities
inclusive language
appropriate expressions per tact, correctness, and people-first language; NOT USING “handicapped,” “diversability,” or “suffers from”; USING “disability,” “condition,” or a specific label if relevant
individualized education plan (IEP)
the legal document that describes the educational services a student receives; updated at least once per year; required before placement in special education (before placement in the LRE per IDEA’s FAPE)
intellectual disability
a condition formerly referred to as mental retardation; those with the condition once labeled as idiots, imbeciles, and morons before these terms became pejorative
practical intelligence
adaptive behavior that involves the ability to solve everyday problems, such as preparing meals, using transportation systems, making change, using the internet, and solving problems that are associated with particular job situations
social intelligence
adaptive behavior that involves understanding and interpreting people and social interactions, such as being able to “read” when someone is angry, and not being gullible or easily tricked or manipulated
intelligence quotient (IQ) scores
average (mean) score = 100 / for intellectual disabilities, mild = about 50-75; moderate = about 35-50; severe = about 20-35; and profound = below 20
Itard, Jean-Marc-Gaspard
French physician and pioneer in special education who worked with Victor
least restrictive environment (LRE)
mandated by IDEA for students with IEPs; placement in a setting most conducive to learning for an exceptional learner; may involve inclusion, but also may require more extreme measures
multidisciplinary team
for an RTI meeting, involves the student’s parents or guardian, a special education teacher, the student’s general education teacher, counselor, administrators, school psychologist; for an IEP meeting, may sometimes also involve the student
multitiered model for RTI
model in which the first two levels screen students with potential learning disabilities; the third level being special education
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
George W. Bush’s education program (2002); among other features, requires standardized testing even for exceptional learners (just like ESSA)
partial participation
a method of inclusion in which students with disabilities participate, on a reduced basis, in virtually all activities experienced by all students in the general education classroom
peer-mediated instruction
a method of inclusion in which peer confederates assist in managing behavioral problems, or any other arrangement in which teachers deliberately recruit and train peers to help teach an academic or social skill to classmates; also called peer tutoring
prereferral intervention
providing evidence-based instruction (EBI) in an effort to overcome learning difficulties and prevent the need for an IEP; followed by assessing the student’s response to intervention (RTI); requires a multidisciplinary team
reinforcement
incentive for positive behavior or deterrence for undesired behavior; positive reinforcement, a proven method for faster learning
Response to Intervention (RTI)
the preferred way of identifying learning disabilities per the reauthorization of IDEA in 2004; assesses the intervention of EBI
special education
instruction that meets the unusual needs of an exceptional student and that requires special materials, teaching techniques, equipment and/or facilities
Stage Theory
suggests that those grieving the loss of a loved one experience first shock and disruption, followed by denial, sadness, anxiety and fear, anger, and finally adaptation; also applied to parents who first learn about their child’s learning disability; however, such parents not reporting denial
systematic instruction
involves determining well-defined target behavior, carefully sequenced and scaffolded instruction, and careful monitoring of learning
tiered assignments
an adaptation for inclusion in which teachers provide choices of varying difficulty for assignments on a single topic
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Flashcard (187)