TE201_Test 1 Flashcards_Terms and Definitions_F2024

accommodations

For assessments, involves altering the setting (e.g., situation or time limits), the presentation format (e.g., instructions read aloud), or the response format (e.g., oral or typed responses)

adaptive behavior

consists of social intelligence and practical intelligence

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

provides protections of civil rights in the specific areas of employment, transportation, public accommodations, state and local government, and telecommunications

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a low-incidence disability that is projected to become a high-incidence disability in the near future

collaborative consultation

a method of inclusion in which the special education teacher or psychologist acts as an expert who provides advice to the general education teacher

cooperative learning

a method of inclusion in which students work together in heterogeneous small groups to solve problems or practice responses

co-teaching

a method of inclusion in which one teacher instructs and the other assists in some way (usually)

Down syndrome

the most common form of intellectual disability at birth; those with this condition often scoring in the moderate IQ range (about 35-50)

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

Barack Obama’s education program (2015), intended to update and replace NCLB; among other features, requires standardized testing even for exceptional learners (just like NCLB)

exceptional learners

those who require special education and related services if they are to realize their full human potential; abilities, their most important characteristic

Fragile X syndrome

the most common known hereditary cause of intellectual disabilities; also, the second most common form of intellectual disability

free and appropriate public education (FAPE)

mandated by IDEA; for students with IEPs, includes placement in the least restrictive environment (LRE)

high-incidence disorders

disabilities occurring with a relatively high frequency because they are among the most common (e.g., learning disabilities, communication [speech and language] disorders, emotional disturbance, and mild intellectual disorders)

low-incidence disorders

disabilities occurring relatively rarely (e.g., blindness, deafness, severe intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder [ASD], and traumatic brain injury)

inclusion

teaching students with disabilities in the same environment as their age peers who don’t have disabilities; the most common and also controversial trend in special education

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

the first federal law (1975; updated 1990, 1997, etc.) mandating free appropriate public education (FAPE) for all children with disabilities

inclusive language

appropriate expressions per tact, correctness, and people-first language; NOT USING “handicapped,” “diversability,” or “suffers from”; USING “disability,” “condition,” or a specific label if relevant

individualized education plan (IEP)

the legal document that describes the educational services a student receives; updated at least once per year; required before placement in special education (before placement in the LRE per IDEA’s FAPE)

intellectual disability

a condition formerly referred to as mental retardation; those with the condition once labeled as idiots, imbeciles, and morons before these terms became pejorative

practical intelligence

adaptive behavior that involves the ability to solve everyday problems, such as preparing meals, using transportation systems, making change, using the internet, and solving problems that are associated with particular job situations

social intelligence

adaptive behavior that involves understanding and interpreting people and social interactions, such as being able to “read” when someone is angry, and not being gullible or easily tricked or manipulated

intelligence quotient (IQ) scores

average (mean) score = 100 / for intellectual disabilities, mild = about 50-75; moderate = about 35-50; severe = about 20-35; and profound = below 20

Itard, Jean-Marc-Gaspard

French physician and pioneer in special education who worked with Victor

least restrictive environment (LRE)

mandated by IDEA for students with IEPs; placement in a setting most conducive to learning for an exceptional learner; may involve inclusion, but also may require more extreme measures

multidisciplinary team

for an RTI meeting, involves the student’s parents or guardian, a special education teacher, the student’s general education teacher, counselor, administrators, school psychologist; for an IEP meeting, may sometimes also involve the student

multitiered model for RTI

model in which the first two levels screen students with potential learning disabilities; the third level being special education

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

George W. Bush’s education program (2002); among other features, requires standardized testing even for exceptional learners (just like ESSA)

partial participation

a method of inclusion in which students with disabilities participate, on a reduced basis, in virtually all activities experienced by all students in the general education classroom

peer-mediated instruction

a method of inclusion in which peer confederates assist in managing behavioral problems, or any other arrangement in which teachers deliberately recruit and train peers to help teach an academic or social skill to classmates; also called peer tutoring

prereferral intervention

providing evidence-based instruction (EBI) in an effort to overcome learning difficulties and prevent the need for an IEP; followed by assessing the student’s response to intervention (RTI); requires a multidisciplinary team

reinforcement

incentive for positive behavior or deterrence for undesired behavior; positive reinforcement, a proven method for faster learning

Response to Intervention (RTI)

the preferred way of identifying learning disabilities per the reauthorization of IDEA in 2004; assesses the intervention of EBI

special education

instruction that meets the unusual needs of an exceptional student and that requires special materials, teaching techniques, equipment and/or facilities

Stage Theory

suggests that those grieving the loss of a loved one experience first shock and disruption, followed by denial, sadness, anxiety and fear, anger, and finally adaptation; also applied to parents who first learn about their child’s learning disability; however, such parents not reporting denial

systematic instruction

involves determining well-defined target behavior, carefully sequenced and scaffolded instruction, and careful monitoring of learning

tiered assignments

an adaptation for inclusion in which teachers provide choices of varying difficulty for assignments on a single topic