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Autotrophs
• utilize inorganic source of carbon
• primary producers
Heterotrophs
• derive nutrients from other organisms
Phototrophs
• Use light as energy source via pigments
Chemotrophs
• Obtain energy from chemical compounds
Organotrophs
Acquire electrons from same organic molecules that provide them carbon and energy
Lithotrophs
Acquire electrons from inorganic substance (H2, H2S)
Chemoorganotrophs
Obtain energy from organic compounds
Extremophiles
Organisms inhabiting extreme environments
Methods of Culturing Microorganisms (Five “I” s)
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification
Cell
– basic and fundamental unit of life
Mycoplasma
bacteria with no cell wall (0.1-0.5 micrometers)
Mycoplasma cell
membrane
stabilized by sterols and resistant to lysis (process of cell
destruction)
Pleomorphism
property of extreme shape variation
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
adheres lung cell causing pneumonia to humans
Protoplast
gram-positive cell wall losing itself completely from lysosome or penicillin contact
Peptidoglycan
–polymer of 2 monosaccharides subunit
▪ Fully permeable to ions, aa, and sugar
Gram Stain
– staining technique by Hans Christian Gram delineating two
major groups of bacteria
Gram-positive
o Thick layer of peptidoglycan
o Negatively charged teichoic acid on surface
o Regulate cation movement
o Polysaccharides provide antigen
Gram-negative
o Thin peptidoglycan
o Outer membrane
o Periplasmic space
o Lipid A acts as endotoxin
o O polysaccharides antigens for typing
o Less sensitive to medication
Nucleoid
nuclear region containing DNA
Plasmids
small, non-essential, and circular DNA
Ribosomes
intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein
Inclusion Bodies
granules containing nutrients, monomers, Fe compounds
(magnetosomes)
Mesosome
internal folds by cell membrane in cytoplasm
Cytoplasm or Cytoplasmic Matrix
dense, gelatinous solution surrounded by cell membrane
Hold internal structures of bacteria
70-80% of water serving as solvent to many complex mixtures of nutrients
Chemical pool
site for many biochemical and synthetic activities
Note 
Flashcard (116)