unit 1 ap psych

Cognition

study of internal mental processes—all of the workings inside your brain, eg: perception, thinking, memory, attention, language

Executive functions (+ examples)

cognitive skills that are needed for self-control and managing behaviors, eg: self-control, working memory → to control emotions, maintain goals, follow directions

Framing

presentation of an issue

Anchoring bias

compare everything to the first piece of information you received

Gambler's fallacy

If event occurred more in the past, it is less likely to happen in the future (ie: land on heads twice = will land on tails)

Hindsight bias

in hindsight

cognitive bias

systematic error in thinking

negativity bias

dont like negative things (eg: 10% change of death)

loss aversion

fear loss more than gain

sunk cost fallacy

should continue investing into situation --> making it difficult to walk away

functional fixedness

see smth as one funtion (ie: box of pins)

what are three components of memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

why is our brains unlike a compuer infomration processing model

parallel processing

three types of retrival

a) recall (retrieve info not currently in ur conscious awareness b) recognition (heard of before) c) relearning (learning smth quickly again

how is working memory model diff from multistore memory model

newer understanding of STM & focus on active processing of incoming sensory info & info retrieved from LTM

sensory memory

immedient, brief recording

what are the three types of sensory memory

iconic, echoic, haptic

how many things can u hold in short term memory & for how long

7+-2, hold for 25 secs

what is explicit memory & two types

a) conscious, effortful recall includes 1) facts & general knowledge (semantic memory) 2) personally experienced events (episodic memory) eg: what u ate yesterday

Divergent thinking

Expand number of solutions available

Convergent thinking

Ability to determine best possible solution

Metacognition

awareness of thought processes & thinking patterns

Dunning-Kruger effect

cognitive bias - overestimate abilities

Heuristics

Simpler thinking strategies that you individually group tgt - oftentimes limiting your options in the process (Mental shortcutes, subject to bias)

Algorithms

Step by step produces that offer a solution

Assimilation

Assimilate new experience by interpreting them i terms of current understandings or schemas eg: learning math

Schemas

Concepts or mental molds into which individuals pour your experiences ie: the concept of love or dog

Representativeness heuristic (+example)

compare informtion of existing mental prototypes (linda is a bank teller/ linda is a bank teller and a feminist —> linda being a bank teller is more likely)

Availability heuristic

info that comes to ur mind first perceived as more impt (shark attack vs vending machine)

Belief perseverance

maintaining a belief despite new information that firmly contradicts it

Working memory

Holding temporary amount of information

Working memory model

Has a central executive, brain can process many things at once

what are the three components of working memory model

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

what does phonoloigcal loop control & what does it compose of

1) hearing + speech (including voice in your head) 2) compose of phonological storage

multi-store memory model & its components

three unitary (separate) memory stores, and that information is transferred between these stores in a linear sequence (enviornmental input -> sensory memory -> STM -> LTM)

information processing model & what is it analogized to & why is it problematic

a) computer b) encoding -> storage -> retrival c) parallel processing

how do we create memories

1 stage: encoding (converted to form that can store in brain, more likely to encode details of what they pay attension to) 2 stage: retention (storage) - memory is preserved, sometimes incomplete or fades

permastore

LTM that developes after extensive learning or experience eg: foreign languages yrs ago/name of classmates (considered a semantic memory)

semantic

facts/general knowledge

episodic

personally experienced events eg: specific events (first day of school), personal facts (model of your first car), flashbulb memories (detailed snapshots of particularly personal/impt moments

what are explicit memories also known as

declarative

two types of memory processing

automatic & effortful

what are implicit memories also known as

nondeclaritive (w/o conscious recall, not things you need to say outloud)

autobiographical memory

type of episodic memory --> impt memory

how is autobiographical memory diff from flashbulb memory

flashbulb - refers to autobiographical memories that involve the CIRCUMSTANCES you learned of the event, highly detiled and exceptionally vivid snapshots, linked to emotional moements

four types of implicit memory

prospective (ability to rmb to do tasks in the future), space/time, procedural (motor/cognative skills), classical conditioning (reaction to docs' office)

two types of prospective memory

event based, time based

peak-end rule

people rmb emotionally significant events

recency bias

people rmb end of events

duration neglect

duration of smth doesnt matter, only intense moments

procedural memory

riding a bike/tying shoes etc.

prospective memory

rmbing dr. appt, paying bills - ability to rmb smth that is going to happen in the future

Basal ganglia

control conscious and movies, reeive signals from cortex

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

synaptic connections between neurons become stronger w frequent activation

cerebellum

rear of brainstem, process sensory info, balance, nonverbal learning, memory

frontal lobe

voluntary movement, expressive language, memory storage, thinking/emotions etc.

hippocampus

in charge of memory and learning (short & long term)

retrieval cue

stimulus that initiates remembering (eg: image, text, scent)

priming

one stimulus to activate memory for future encouters

Context-dependent memory

Things that are learning in class are better retrieved in places you learned them in

State-dependent memory

Ie: study when sleep = better able to retrieve when sleepy

Ie: do new thing when you drink alcohol

Mood-congruent memory

Depends on mood

Serial position effect

Rmb the first & last thing you learn

Recency effect

Last thing you see holds heavier weight (ie: end of show being bad ruins your perception of the entire show)

Primacy effect

Rmb first few info that you receive Ie: rmb first few serials of a number than later ones

Chunking

Grouping, ie: rmb phone # in 3 chunks

Mnemonics

Ways to memorize things

method of loci

mind palace method