Roots and Shoots

Primary functions of roots

• Anchor plant

• Conduction of nutrients

• Absorption

• Storage Organs

  • carrots, beats, potatoes

Rhizosphere

Soil occurring around plant roots + influenced by root activity

• has soil minerals, microbes

Rootcap

Mass of parenchyma cells that protects apical meristem

Rootcap functions

• Drives soil penetration

• Lowers frictional resistance during growth

• Senes, processes, transmits signals to meristem → root movement

Where are Casparian Strips located and what is their function?

• Located in Endodermis

Functions include:

• H2O impermeable region

  • prevent water loss from root + defend against microorganisms

Difference between leaf trace and leaf trace gap

• Leaf trace: extension from vasc. system in stem towards leaves

• Leaf trace gap: tissue gap in stem vasc. cylinder above leaf trace

Primary function of shoots

• Support (stem)

• Conduction of nutrients (stem)

• P.S. (leaves)

Leaf anatomy

• Blade: main stem

• Petiole: connects leaf to stem

• Stipules: leaf-like appendages at leaf base

• Sheath: expanded leaf base (grasses)

Difference btwn compound and simple leaves

• Compound: blades divided into leaflets

• Simple: blades aren’t divided into leaflets

Dimorphic leaves

Refers to plant having two distinct types of leaves

Phytomeres

Repeated developing units (nodes + internodes + bud)

What do leaf primordia and bud primordia dev. into?

• Leaf: leaves

• Bud: lateral shoots

Mesophyll and types

It is ground tissue of leaf → connects to air via stomata

• Palisade: columnar w/ chloroplasts; most of P.S.

• Spongy: weird shape + few chloroplasts; gas exchange

Basic stem structures

• Continuous vasc. cylinder

• Vasc. bundles form ring

• Vasc. bundles scattered

Stem modifications

• Stolon: horizontal, above ground

• Rhizomes: under ground

• Bulb: underground stem; food storage (onions)

• Tuber: fleshy underground stem; stores food (potato)

• Corm: underground, upright stem for food storage

Sun vs shade leaves

• Sun:

  • small + thick

  • hight rate of P.S. in high light intensity

• Shade:

  • large + thinner

  • P.S. rate at low light intensity

Sun x shade leaves adaptability

• Sun: thick structure → prevent overheating

• Shade: thinner structure → more light absorption