Module 26: Pharynx & Larynx (Nasal Cavity & Smell)

digestive & respiratory

what systems share the pharynx?

stratified squamous

the superior portion of the laryngopharynx is lined by what type of epithelium?

trachea

the pharynx does not directly connect to the ___

laryngopharynx

while drinking some milk, you start laughing and milk starts spraying out of your nostrils. What part of the pharynx did the milk not enter?

glottis

inhaled air leaves the pharynx passing through which structure?

larynx

what structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

vestibular folds

what structures are known as the false vocal cords?

thyroid

the largest laryngeal cartilage is the:

maxillary & frontal

the nasal bones articulate with which bone(s)?

disrupt the flow of air into the nasal cavity

the purpose of the nasal conchae is to

maxillary

the ___ sinuses are located under the orbits

maxillary

the ___ sinus is the largest sinus

cribriform plate foramina

olfactory receptor neurons extend through these structures:

oropharynx

the tongue moves up and back towards the soft palate, pushing the bolus towards the ___ (1)

nasopharynx

stimulation of receptors in the oropharynx cause the uvula and soft palate to elevate and seal off the ___ (2)

pharyngeal constrictors

contraction of the ___ moves the bolus through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx (3)

peristaltic contractions

bolus enters the esophagus and ___ propel the bolus toward the stomach (4)

CN III oculomotor

ciliary ganglion

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

otic ganglion

CN VII facial

pterygopalatine ganglion

CN VII

submandibular ganglion

pharynx

funnel-shaped tube that lies posterior to and extends inferiorly from the oral and nasal cavities

external carotid artery

___ branches supply the pharynx

pharynx

are skeletal muscles

pharynx

varying epithelium

nasopharynx

continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate

ciliated columnar epithelium

epithelium lining for nasopharynx

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid)

are aggregates of lymphoid reticular tissue similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx

oropharynx

soft palate to the epiglottis (hyoid)

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

epithelium lining of oropharynx

oropharynx

contains the palatine & lingual tonsils

laryngopharynx

inferior to the hyoid and continous with the larynx and esophagus

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

epithelium lining of laryngopharynx

levator veli palatini

action: elevate the soft palate when swallowing

CN X

levator veli palatini innervation

tensor veli palatini

action: tenses soft palate and opens auditory tube when swallowing or yawning

CN V (mandibular division)

tensor veli palatini innervation

1. palatopharyngeus

2. salpingopharyngeus

3. stylopharyngeus

three muscles acts to ELEVATE the pharynx and larynx

CN X

palatopharyngeus innervation

CN X

salpingopharyngeus innveration

CN IX

stylopharyngeus innervation

pharyngeal constrictors

primary pharyngeal muscles

innermost

superior pharyngeal constrictors

outermost

inferior pharyngeal constrictors

CN X (vagus)

pharyngeal constrictors innervation

larynx

connects pharynx to trachea

larynx

producing vocalizations

larynx

passageway for air

larynx

prevents ingested material from entering the respiratory tract

larynx

participates in both the sneeze and cough reflex

larynx

produces sound for speech

larynx anatomy

supported by a framework of 9 cartilages held in place by ligaments, membranes, and muscles

thyroid cartilage

largest cartilage

thyroid cartilage

does not form a complete ring

thyroid cartilage

where the laryngeal prominence is located

cricoid cartilage

inferior to the thyroid cartilage

epiglottis

swallowing causes the ___ to close the opening to the larynx

1. arytenoid cartilages

2. corniculate cartilages

3. cuneiform cartilages

paired cartilages (3) play an important role in sound production

vestibular folds

folded secretions of mucus membrane (no sound)

vocal folds

vocal ligaments covered by a mucous membrane

glottis

opening between vocal folds

voice production

by moving joints between cartilages, length & tension on vocal cords change so we produce sounds with different pitches

lower pitch

longer cord (guitar)

higher pitch

short cord (ukulele)

higher pitch

tight cord (more tense)

• tuning strings

lower pitch

looser cord (less tense)

• tuning strings

laryngitis

is an inflammation of the larynx, which causes changes in the voice

suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

extrinsic muscles

recurrent laryngeal nerves (branch of CN X)

intrinsic muscles innervation

1. frontal bone

2. sphenoid bone

3. cribriform plate (ethmoid)

superior wall of the nasal cavity are formed by (3)

maxilla and palatine bones (hard palate)

inferior wall of the nasal cavity are formed by

nasal septum (bone & cartilage)

• perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

• vomer

medial wall of the nasal cavity are formed by

superior, middle, inferior nasal concha

lateral wall of the nasal cavity are formed by

1. olfactory mucosa

2. squamous mucosa

3. respiratory mucosa

nasal cavity is lined by multiple types of mucosa (3)

olfactory mucosa

location of olfactory receptor cells & olfactory hairs

olfactory mucosa

special sense of smell

squamous mucosa

external nares and nostrils

respiratory mucosa

condition the air

adenoid tonsil

NALT (nasal associated lymphatic tissue)

paranasal sinuses

• air-filled spaces in skull bones around nasal cavity

• mucous lining

paranasal sinuses

reduce weight of the skull

paranasal sinuses

condition and warm air & protection

paranasal sinuses

add resonance to voice

olfactory epithelium

superficial mucus layer traps odorants

olfactory epithelium

olfactory receptor cells

• bipolar neurons bind odorants

olfactory epithelium

olfactory hairs (cilia)

• free nerve endings projecting into the mucous layer

olfactory epithelium

contain receptors for airborne molecules

• molecules dissolved into mucus

• portion of bipolar neuron that binds odorant

CN I (olfactory nerve)

___ pass through cribriform plate foramina and synapse in the olfactory bulbs

posteriorly

olfactory pathways

• axons travel ___ through the olfactory tracts

primary olfactory cortex

olfactory pathways

• information is carried to the ___

primary olfactory cortex

provides conscious awareness of smell

primary olfactory cortex

superomedial temporal lobe

primary olfactory cortex

strong associations with the limbic system

4-8 weeks

olfactory neurons continually replaced throughout life (lifespan?)

levator veli palatini

closes off the nasopharynx during contracting to inhibit any food or water moving into the nasal cavity