Anatomy & Physiology- Midterm Exam study guide

Define Anatomy and Physiology. Tell how they are related terms and how the studies are different.

-Anatomy: the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

-Physiology: the study of how the body and its parts work or function

-The parts of your body form a well-organized unit and each of those parts has a job to do to make it operate as a whole

Major functions and organs within- INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

-Skin forms the external body covering

-It water proofs the body and protects the deeper tissues from injury

-Also excretes salt and urea to help regulate body temp.

-Temp. pressure and pain receptors

Major functions and organs within- SKELETAL SYSTEM

-Consists of bone, cartilage, ligaments and joints

-Protects and supports body organs and provides a frame work the muscles use to cause movement

-Hematopoiesis, which the formation of blood cells takes place within the cavities of the skeleton is a store house for minerals

Major functions and organs within- MUSCULAR SYSTEM

-To contract, causes movement

-Maintains posture and produces heat

-Organs involved: skeleton muscles

Major functions and organs within- NERVOUS SYSTEM

-Fast acting control system of body

-Organs involved: brain, nerves, spinal cord

-Respons to changes in the environment by activating muscles or glands

Major functions and organs within- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

-Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth and reproduction

-Organs involved: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, phymus gland, adrenal gland, testies and ovary

Major functions and organs within- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

-Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste

-Heart pumps blood

-White blood cells and chemicals in blood protect the body from invaders

Major functions and organs within- LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Complements that of cardiovascular system

-Its organs include, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils

-The vessels return fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels so that the blood can continuously circulate

-Houses white blood cells

-Involved with immunity

Major functions and organs within- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

-To keep the body constantly supplies with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide

-Consists of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

-Within the lungs are tiny air sacs and gasses are transported to and from the blood through the thin walls of these air sacs

Major functions and organs within- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

-A tube running through the body from the moth to the anus

-Organs include the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and rectum

-Their role is to break down the food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells

Major functions and organs within- URINARY SYSTEM

-Eliminates nitrogen-containign waste from then odd; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

-Composed of kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra

Major functions and organs within- REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male and Female Reproductive System -Production of offspring

-The testies of the male produce sperm other structures are scrotum, penis

-The ovaries of the female produce eggs; consists of uterine tubes

The ovaries and testes are included in which two body systems?

-Production of offspring

-The testies of the male produce sperm other structures are scrotum, penis

-The ovaries of the female produce eggs; consists of uterine tubes

What is homeostasis?

-Describes the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

What are the five elements of a homeostatic control system? (page 16 & 17: Figure 1.4)

1. stimulus - produces change in variable 2. receptor- detects change 3. input - information is sent along afferent pathway to control center 4. output - information is sent along efferent pathway to effector 5. response - effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

How is an afferent pathway different from an efferent pathway?

afferent pathway approaches the control center and efferent pathway exist the control center

How is a negative feedback mechanism different from a positive feedback mechanism? Which is more common?

Negative feedback causes the stimulus to decline or end but a positive feedback tends to cause an enhancement of a stimulus. A negative feedback is more common.

Describe the body in proper anatomical position.

Standing up straight, toe pointed outward, arms to the side with thumbs pointing away from the body.

SUPERIOR/INFERIOR

S: above

I: BELOW

DORSAL (posterior)/ VENTRAL (anterior)

Posterior:(dorsal) toward the back of body

Anterior: (ventral) toward the front of body

MEDIAL/ LATERAL/ INTERMEDIATE

Lateral: away from the midline of the body

Medial: toward the midline of the body

Intermediate: between a more medial and lateral structure

PROXIMAL/DISTAL

P: Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

D: farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

SUPERFICIAL/DEEP

Superficial:Toward the body's surface

Deep: internal

List and describe the three body planes.

ex... a transverse section divides the body into ______ and ______ parts.

Sagittal- divides the body into left and right

Frontal- divides the body into Anterior and Posterior

Transverse- divides the body into Superior and Inferior

Anterior and Posterior body regions

figure 1.5 page 16-17

What are the two main body cavities and what organs do you find within each of them?

Dorsal-spine and brain

Ventral-lungs, heart, intestines, stomach, some reproductive organs

The dorsal cavity can be separated into which two smaller cavities?

Cranial and Spinal....spine & brain

The ventral body cavity can be separated into which 3 smaller cavities?

Thoracic and abdominal pelvical

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity are separated by the __________?

Diaphram

The abdomen is separated into 9 smaller regions. Draw a grid and label each of the abdominal regions.

Right Hypochondriac-Epigastric-Left Hypochondriac

Right lumbar-Umbilical-Left lumbar

Right Iliac-Hypogastric (pubic)- Left Iliac

List the levels of structural organization in the human body from the simplest to the most complex.

Atom, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

What is hematopoisesis and in what body system is this a main function.

Formation of red blood cells in the skeletal system

The two major categories of body membranes are epithelial and connective tissue.

Which membranes are considered epithelial membranes and which are connective tissue membranes?

epithelial - cutaneous, mucous, serous. connective tissue - synovial membrane

Cutaneous

skin

Mucous

composed of epithelium resting on loose connective tissue

Serous

composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areloar connective tissue

Serous membranes have two layers. One layer that covers the surface of the organ. This is called the _____________ layer and one layer that covers the wall of the cavity superficial to the organ which is called the ____________ layer.

parietal ; visceral

What is the membrane that surrounds the lungs called?

mucous

What is the membrane that surrounds the heart called?

serous

What is the membrane that surrounds the abdominal organs called?

serous

Where would you find the visceral pericardium?

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Where would you find the parietal peritoneum?!

...

Where do you find synovial membranes? Which type of membrane are they, epithelial or connective tissue?

...

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

keeps your insides on your body and protects you from outside things

List the three layers of the skin and describe each. What is adipose tissue? In which layer would you find it?

epidermis - made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of becoming hard and tough ; demis - made up of mostly dense connective tissue; hypodermis - essentially adipose tissue anchors skin to underlying organs

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? Describe each. Indicate which layer is sometimes missing, which layer is most nourished, least nourished, most keratinized, contains melanocytes and made up almost completely of dead cells

stratum basale- cells are actively dividing stem cells; csome newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers, spinosum - cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin, granulosum - cells are flattened organelles are deteriorating; cytoplasm full of granules, lucidum - not present in all skin regions only occurs on soles of feet and palms of hands were hair is not present, corneum - cells are dead; represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. glycolipids in extracellular space

What is melanin? Why is it important?

gives your skin pigment shield DNA from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays

List the two parts of the dermis. Describe each.

papillary layer - upper dermal region; uneven and has peglike projections from its superior surface ... reticular layer - deepest skin layer; contains irregularly arranged connective tissue fibers

Why are the cutaneous glands described as exocrine glands?

because they both release their secretions to the skins surface via ducts

What is the function of sebaceous glands? What layer of the skin are they found within? They are found all over the body except for which places?

microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals. except pubic areas and armpits

The ducts of sebaceous glands almost always empty into a _________________ .

follicle

What are sudoriferous glands? Where are they found?

sweat glands found all over the body

What are two types of sudoriferous glands?

eccrine and apocrine

How are eccrine glands different than apocrine glands?

eccrine glands are found all over the body and apocrine glands are found in the armpits and pubic areas

What are the muscles that cause the hairs to be pulled upright on the body?

arrector pili

How are first degree, second degree and third degree burns different. Describe each below.

first degree burns only damage the epidermis second degree burns damage the epidermis and part of the dermis and third degree burns destroy all three layers of the skin

Which type of burn is the least painful? Why?

3rd degree burn because the nerves of the skin are destroyed leaving the person unable to feel anything in that area

Which type of burn causes blistering to the skin?

2nd degree

There are biggest risks associated with burns? Which one is the immediate priority?

infection and fluid loss; fluid loss is the immediate priority because the person can go into shock and die

What is the rule of nines used for?

divides the body into 11 sections each accounting for 9%; mainly used to determine the amount of fluids lost in a burn

What are three types of skin cancer? Which is the most serious?

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma - melanoma is the most serious

What is the ABCD rule?

(A) asymmetry: the 2 sides of the pigmented spot do not match

(B) border irregularity: the borders are not smooth and exhibit indentations

(C) color: the pigments spots contain different colors

(D) diameter: the spot is larger than 6 millimeters

Which warning sign does each letter refer to?

for recognizing melanoma

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protect, movement, storage, blood cell formation

How is compact bone different from spongy bone?

Spongy bone- small needlelike bone pieces; lots of open space

Compact Bone- dense and looks smooth

In a long bone, where is the compact bone found? Where is the spongy bone found?

ends of the bone have a thin layer of spongy bone however most of the bone is compact bone

Into what 4 categories are bones grouped according to shape? Give some examples of bones that would fit into each category.

Long- femur

Short-patella

Flat-breast bone

Irregular- spinal column

Draw a long bone and label each of the following parts: diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, Sharpy's (perforating) Fibers, articular cartilage, epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate, yellow bone marrow, red bone marrow and medullary canal. Be able to describe each part.

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Osteocyte

Mature blood cells

Lacunae

Tiny cavities within the matrix and where osteocytes are found

Lamellae

Circles that the lacunae are arranged in

central (Haversian) canals

Runs vertically in compact bone

canaliculi

little blood vessels

perforating (Volkman's) canals

Runs in compact bone at right angles (horizontal)

What are the two stages of bone development? Describe each below?

Phase 1- Hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with a bone matrix by osteoblasts (bone forming cells)

Phase 2-The Hyaline cartilage model is digested away, opening up medullary cavity within the newly formed bone.

What is ossification?

The process of bone formation

What is the skeleton of an embryo composed of?

Cartilage

List the six types of fractures and describe each one. Include which individuals are most at risk for each type of fracture.

comminuted - bone breaks into many fragments common in older people; compression - bone is crushed common in older people; depressed broken bone portion is pressed inwards common in skull fractures; impacted- broken bone ended are pressed into eachother common in peolpe who attempt to break a fall by stretching their arms out; spiral - excessive twisting force is applied common in sports fractures; greenstick - break is incomplete common in children

How is an simple fracture different from a compound fracture?

in a simple fracture the bone does not penetrate the skin however a compound fracture does

What is a reduction? How is an open reduction different from a closed reduction?

an open reduction is when the doctors have to open ur skin in a surgery to place the bone back into place ; a closed reductions is when they do not have to preform a surgery to place the bone back into place

What bones are included in the axial skeleton? the appendicular?

axial - ribs vertabrae, skull appendicular - all limbs and girdles

What suture separates the temporal and the parietal bones? What suture separates the occipital bone from the parietal bone? What suture separates the frontal bohttps://quizlet.com/52542293/edit#auto-definene from the parietal bone?

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cheek bone = _________________

zygomatic

jaw bone = _________________

mandible

bone of the upper lip = ___________________

maxilla

bone at the back of the head =___________________

occipital

forehead bone = ____________________

frontal bone

Name the 5 types of vertebrae and how many of each there are

cervical curvature (7); thoracic curvature(12); lumbar curvature (5); sacral curvature(5); coccyx (4)

What are the first and second cervical vertebrae called?

1. atlas 2 axis

List and describe 3 abnormalities of the spinal column.

scoliosis - curved to the right or left; kyphosis - curved outwawrds in upper back; lordosis - curves inward in lower back

Describe how true, false and floating ribs differ.

true ribs are attached to the sternum, false ribs are not attached directly to the sternum(attached to true ribs) , floating ribs are not attached to anything

The carpal bones are found in the _____________

The metatarsal bones are the bones of the ___________

The tailbone is called the ____________.

The patella would be classified as a ___________ bone because it is cube shaped

Phalanges are both _____________ and ___________.

wrist; between toes and ankles; coccyx; short; toes and fingers

How are joints classified by movement?

synarthroses - immoveable; amphiarthroses - slightly moveable; diarthroses - freely moveable

How are joints classified by structure or what they are made out of?

classified by structure

Describe the joints in the skull.

sutures which make the bones nonmoveable

What are the 4 stages of the healing of a bone fracture? Describe each stage.

hematoma forms; fibrocartilage callus forms; bony callus forms; bone remodeling occurs

List 3 types of muscle tissue and give a detailed description of each. How would you tell the difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle since they are both striated? How does smooth muscle tissue look different from both?

Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.

Give a description of each of the parts of a skeletal muscle. Be able to identify each of them on a diagram!!

endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, tendon, fascicle, muscle fiber (cell)

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How are voluntary muscles different from involuntary muscles?

voluntary muscles are the muscles that you can control (skeletal) and involunary muscles are muscles that move by themselves (cardic)

What are the functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

movement of various bones in the skeleton