Cardiovascular System Flashcards

Flashcards about cardiovascular system, congenital heart disorders, effects on cardiac output, and tissue perfusion.

What are some causes of congenital heart disease in a fetus?

Maternal smoking, select medications (antiepileptic drugs, SSRIs), obesity, preexisting diabetes, out of control blood sugars

Further evaluation of CCHD screening includes…

Includes EKG, echo, and chest X-ray, dependent on findings.

What are non-modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease?

Age and family history.

What are modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease?

Tobacco use, weight, inactivity, stress, diabetes, high lipids, and hypertension.

What are negative risk factors for coronary artery disease?

Lowering cholesterol and high HDL.

What is metabolic syndrome?

Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes that elevate the risk for coronary artery disease.

When should a CK-MB biomarker be checked to detect myocardial infarction?

Six hours after myocardial necrosis; quick and cost-effective.

When should a Myoglobin biomarker be checked to detect myocardial infarction?

After one hour; detects MI within two hours and detects reperfusion.

What is the benefit of checking Troponin levels for myocardial infarction?

Has greater sensitivity and specificity than CK-MB; detects recent MI up to two weeks prior to testing.

What are the 'six P's' associated with compartment syndrome or neurovascular compromise in peripheral vascular disease?

Pain, pulselessness, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis, polar or poikilothermia.

What are the symptoms of an arterial thrombosis?

Pulse will be present; skin color is red or purple; skin temperature should be warm; and edema will be present.

What are the symptoms of a venous thrombosis?

Pulse will be weaker/absent; skin color is cyanotic or pale; skin temperature should be cool; and minimal to no edema will be present.

What are the three components of Virchow's triad and what do they increase the likelihood of?

Damage to vessel wall, blood flow turbulence, and hypercoagulability.

What two factors change cardiac output?

Increasing heart rate and stroke volume.

What adrenal gland hormones regulate blood pressure?

Epinephrine, ADH, and vasopressin

How does the RAAS system regulate blood pressure?

Kidneys release renin, angiotensin I changes to angiotensin II and causes vasoconstriction, aldosterone is stimulated and causes increased reabsorption of sodium and chloride, increasing water reabsorption.

Hypertension is what type of disease?

Disease of the arteries.

Cardiac Tamponade

When the pericardial sac fills to the point that it impairs the actual beat of the heart.

If a patient has cardiac tamponade, what treatment should be done while awaiting further intervention?

A volume bolus.

Shock

Not enough tissue perfusion due to something, such as decreased O2 delivery and change in/abnormal O O2 use

How to manage hypotension

Manage underlying cause and modify vascular resistance or increase cardiac output.

Why Norepinephrine is most appropriate to treat a septic patient

Close-up those vessels a little bit to increase the blood pressure, and it helps shunt blood back up to the central space so that it's more available for preload and then back out to the body.

Goal to maintain for neurogenic shock

Maintain a systolic greater than 90 or a MAP of 85 to 90 for the first seven days to help perfuse the brain.