Memory

What is the multi-store model?

devised by Atkinson and Shiffrin where theoretical model seeks to explain how information is transmitted from outside world through different memory and how it is processed at each point where model is linear (focuses how info flows through system),sequential (passes through each store in set order) and unitary (each store separate from others)
information from environment is processed by sensory registers which have many sensory stores then when you pay attention goes to short term memory and prolonged rehearsal allows information to go to long term memory and within short term memory can be forgotten or remain there by maintenance rehearsal

What are the three features of each store in multi-store model and their definitions?

coding - which format the information is stored in - translating information into format acceptable to memory
capacity - how much of information that can be held in memory store at any one time
duration - how long information stays in memory store before lost

What is the sensory register?

recieves information from environment then enters and is coded in sensory register in whatever form it was perceived in and each kind is stored in a different store within the sensory register depending on which sense organ information came from where there is one store for each sense and translates into form that can be passed into next memory store - duration is very brief but varies between stores,capacity is large as we have many receptor cells - unlike STM and LTM not under conscious control and is recorded automatically - sound in echoic store - touch in haptic store
visual memory is stored in iconic store which is twelve icons for half a second according to Sperling - flashed grid of 20 letters for 20th of second + when asked to recall random rows recall was strong suggesting all rows were stored in SR meaning iconic store in sensort register large capacity

What is STM?

short term memory store after sensory register moves when give information attention - has limited capacity,duration is very short being less than 30 seconds without rehearsal if you want to be rememebered for longer has to be transferred where rehearsal will pass it to next store and rest is forgotten - STM prefers to be coded acoustically and similarly sounding words cannot be coded effectively as rehearsal uses internal voice where less difficult to recall acoustically dissimilar words as sounds can be clearly separated when encoded

What is LTM?

next store is long term memory after prolonged rehearsal - capacity is potentialy unlimited but don’t have good way to test,believed to be unlimited duration where memories can last indefinitely but fade over time when recognition easier than recall where holds lots of information buy may need clues to access and may be lost if no longer required + to bring out LTM need to bring it to STM called retrivial - LTM encoded semantically preferred (by meaning) and similarity causes confusion as only remember meaning not exacr word where LTM prefers acoustically similar words

What is the capacity experiment on STM?

serial digit span where Miller said most people have digit span between 5 and 9 where STM affected by chunking increases information recalled by combining into meaningful units - reading aloud means better recall than if can only sub-vocalise - pronunciation time where digit span for English speakers better than Arabic speakers

What is the duration experiment on STM?

Peterson and Peterson done trigrams retention with aims to investigate duration of STM with no rehearsal where shown consonant trigram then had to count backwards in 3s from random large number for an interference task stopping maintenance rehearsal for length of time between 3 and 18 seconds then asked to recall trigram - results found after 3 seconds 90% and after 18 seconds 10% where it can be concluded STM is very short less than thirty seconds as information only rememebered for short time in STM before being forgotten
criticism - low ecological validity as artificial task but high internal validity as very controlled can make causal connections - interference from counting task may cause poor recall rather than decay

What is the duration experiment on LTM?

Bahrick et al high school year book study aimed to investigate existence of LTM using natural information when participant asked to remember names of classmates from school (free recall) and identify classmate from photos and lists of name (recognition task) where found if left school within 15 years 90% in recognition where for 47 years 60% + free recall was poor for everyone so concluded recognition easier than recall + LTM holds information but needs some clues to access
criticism - high ecological validity as uses existing memories - study lacked controls such as knowing when person last looked at year book + factors of how thoroughly information was initially learned

What is the encoding experiment on STM?

Baddeley aimed to investigate whether STM information coded acoustically or semantically in the STM where participants listened to four lists of words acoustically similar and different and semantically similar and different and immediately after given list with words in wrong order and had to rememeber correct order where found correct recall for acoustically similar 10% and above 60% for all other lists which concludes poor recall of acoustically similar as similarity means cannot be done effectively causing confusion suggests STM encoded acoustically where acousticaly dissimilar as sounds can be clearly separated when encoded
criticism - makes cognitive sense as recognises how brains works - STM cannot be restricted to just acoustic coding since visual information cannot be coded so seen as preferred method of coding

What is the encoding experiment on LTM?

Baddeley aimed to investigate if LTM information encoded acoustically or semantically where same study as STM but not asked to recall list for 20 minutes where found first three lists recall of 70-85% where list C semantically similar was the worst concluding LTM encoded semantically as participants only remember the meaning not exact word
criticism - makes cognitive sense - reliable as has been replicated man times - LTM cannot be restricted to just semantic coding since information relating to a face or smell cannot be coded this way

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What is the working memory model?

Baddeley + Hitch

What is the central executive?

control centre which allocates resources mainly attention where has limited resources of its own but very flexible so can process information from any senses - has no storage

What is the phonological loop?