Exam 2 Horses

Recommended living environment for a horse

Outside with natural windbreaks. Simplest housing is best and horses

What are a few things that a good pasture will have?

Shelter, adequate fencing, adequate forage, clean and adequate water, and high ground

How can someone best manage their pastures? Why is rotational

grazing important?

Resting, seeding, watering, fertilizing, mowing/tilling, grazing, and drainage. It is important to let the pasture rest

What are a few things that must be considered when designing and

building a barn for horses?

Purpose, number and breed of animals, room for expansion, regulatory requirements, budget, and layout for day-to-day activities. 

What is the minimum height a horse barn must be?

8 foot

What is the minimum size for a stall?

10 x 10

What are the pros and cons of having windows in your barn?

Pros- Add ventilation to a building, light source

Cons- expensive, need to be maintained, 

What are the pros and cons to the different type of siding we can have

on a barn.

Metal- cheap but easily damaged

Wood- durable more maintenance

Masonry- steep cost but long lasting and durable

Why is ventilation important for a horse barn?

Helps keep everythingdry, makes animals comfortable, dilute inside air with outside air. 

What it the optimum temperature for a barn?

50-75.2 degrees 

What is a common mistake many horse barns fail to provide

enough of?

Not enough electrical outlets

What are a few different flooring options?

Clay, wood, concrete, asphalt, rubber floor mats, limestone dust, sand and clay mix

What are other special additions we could include in our barn?

Bathrooms, office, handling facilities, feed storage room, tack room, storage, special equipment space

How much manure does a horse produce per day?

45 pounds per day

What are a few things we must consider when storing manure?

Adequate land, pathogens, water quality hazard, herbicides, regualtions,

When should we not spread compost or manure?

Highly erodible land, frozen land, saturated land, with 150 ft of water, 

What can we do with the manure we collect and store?

Haul off and composting

What is lameness?

Alteration of horses gait

What are the degrees of lameness? What can we expect to see in each

Degree?

0- none 1-difficult not consistent 2-difficult in walk and trot but consistent 3- lameness in trot 4- lameness in walk 5-min weight bearing inability to move

What are some of the causes of lameness?

Poor conditioning, injury, disease, genetics, or combo

What are the different treatment types for lameness?

Conventional- injections, neving, stall rest, cold hose

Alternative- chrio, acu, massage, aqua, PEMF

Products- magnets, ceramic, poultice/liniment

What is laminitis? What causes laminitis? What bone is involved?

What can be done with a horse who has laminitis?

This is when there is inflammation of the laminae and separates bond between tissue and the coffin bone. 

Treatment- diagnose, diet restrictions, mineral oil, fluids, drugs, stable on soft ground, drain abcesses, 

What is navicular syndrome? What causes navicular syndrome? What

bone is involved? What can be done with a horse who has navicular

Syndrome?

Degenerative process that affects bone, bursa, or tendon. Trimming feet, medications, and neurectomy

What is an Inherent risk? What does this include? What does this not

Include?

The risks that are always present when a person is on or near a horse

What is the Limited liability statutes?

Limits the liability of equine professionals from claims for injury or death

What was the primary reason that limited liability statutes were passed in most states?

To limit lawsuits arising out of unavoidable horse accidents

What have the limited liability statues provided to horse owners and those who own equine properties?

Insurance

When are professionals liable?

Not- horse racing, faulty equipment, failure to determine participant’s ability, dangerous conditions, willful and wanton disregard for safety, intentional injury

What are the requirements for how and where signs must be posted?

Post and maintain notice signs in clearly visible locations, black letters a min of 1 in height, each contract needs warning notice

What are some reasons why the statutes are not effective?

Each state varies, good lawyers, difficult to determine inherent risks

Understand rules 1-5 of the Sales and Disclosure power point slides.

Cant lie, specific contract, be responsible for yourself, protect yourself as buyer, protect yourself as seller, written contract for sale more than 500 dollars

When is a contract necessary

More than 500 dollars

What should the seller do to protect themselves

Be truthful, option to vet horse, written agreement, sold as is merger, 

What should the buyer do to protect themselves?

Ask questions document answers, intended use, use written purchase agreement, something vital have in in contract, watch out for sold as is, inspect horse 

Where are the horse’s blind spots?

Right in front of face and directly behind

Where are the various points of a horse that we can evaluate to

determine their behavior?

Eyes, ears, tail, mouth, feet, nostrils

What are the temperament types?

Quiet, interest, nervous, shy and nervous, stubborn 

What is agonistic behavior? Give an example.

Dominance hierarchies (pecking order)

What is epimeletic behavior? Give an example

Giving or receiving care and attention such as mutual grooming

What is grooming behavior? Give an example.

Mutual or individual-rolling, shaking

What is investigative behavior? Give an example.

Horse inspecting environment ie naturally curious

What is eliminative behavior? Give an example.

Any behavior associated with urination or defecation like marking territory

What is play behavior? Give an example.

Running rearing etc. Ie conditioning, develop survival skills

What is coprophagy? Why do horses do it?

Eating feces could be due to lack of nutrients

What are vices we see with horses?

Biting, kicking, striking, rearing, shying, weaving, tail rubbing

How many hours is the horse awake? How many hours asleep?

Awake 21 hours

What are the three types of rest? Which one does the horse have to lay down for?

Deep restfullness- lay down

Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep is standing

How are horses able to sleep standing up?

Due to the stay apparatus 

What is imprinting? Provide an example of how someone would imprint on a horse.

Imprinting on a new foal so getting hands on it and do things like handling feet, ears etc

Do horses have a large or small brain?

Large

Do horses have side preferences?

Yes

What is extinction when discussing horse training? Give an example.

Without removal of cue or reinforcement the desired behavior becomes extinct ( rein pressure not released when the horse stops then the horse will quit stopping)

What is habituation when discussing horse training? Give an example.

Where flight response is gradually diminished ie approach and retreat and flooding

What is positive reinforcement? Give an example

Add stimulus to increase behavior ie treat

What is negative reinforcement? Give an example

Remove stimulus to increase behavior ie release pressureon reins

What is positive punishment? Give an example.

Adding stimulus to decrease behaior ie slapping horse for biting

What is negative punishment. Give an example.

Taking the stimulus away to decrease behavior not giving horse a treat

What are the two main categories of bits?

Snaffle and curb bit

Which bit would we start a young horse in?

Snaffle or hacklamore

What are the main bit pressure points?

Tongue, bars, lips, palate, chin, poll

What are some signs of estrus? How long does it last in mares?

Winking, urination, squatting, seeking the stallion. 5-7 days

How long is a mare’s Estrous cycle? What type of estrous cycle do they have?

21-22 days. Seasonayy polyestrous

Be able to define estrous, estrus, diestrus, anestrus, and foal heat.

Estous- beginning of one estrus until beginning of next

Estrus- Receptive to male

Diestrus- between estrus periods under progesterone 15-16 days

Anestrus- not cycling

Foal heat- first estrus post-pertum

Where does fertilization occur?

Oviduct

Where does implantation occur?

Uterus

Focus on: GnRH, FSH,LH, estrogen, and progesterone. Where

does each come from and what do they interact with?

GnRH- hypothalamus triggers LH and FSH

FSH- from anterior pituitary, stimulate follicular development 

LH- from anterior pituitary, stimulate follicular development, starts ovulation

Progesterone- from corpus luteum suppresses GnRH

Estrogen- 

What is the corpus luteum?

An orange to yellow colored formed after ovulation of follicle. CL is responsible for producing progesterone and oxytocin

Why would someone want to manipulate the estrous cycle? How can one do that in mares?

Scheduled breeding specifically AI 

Using lights, Inject prostaglandin F2 alpha, Inject progesterone, Inject hCG Human Chronic Gonatropin

What does an injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha do to a mare’s cycle?

After ovulated they are injected and will return to estrus in 3-5 days and ovulate 7-12 days after injection

What does an injection of progesterone do to a mare’s cycle?

Suppresses the GnRH to prevent abortion 

When can pregnancy be diagnosed? When do we start to see the embryo proper?

10 days with ultra sound

18 days rectal palpation 

Emryup proper 19-21 days

What happens if there are twins?

An embryo will be removed

What is the gestation length of a horse?

340 days or 11 months

Why can pregnant mares not be fed fescue? When do we take them off of the fescue?

Remove them 90 days prior to due date. It will stop milk production and thicken the placenta 

What are the signs of impending parturition?

Udder development, teats filling, loosened ligaments around tail head, and wax

What are the 3 stages of parturition and how long does each last?

Uterine contraction- minutes to 24 hours

Parturition- 15-30 minutes

Expulsion of the Placenta- 5-45 minutes after birth

What is a normal presentation of the fetus?

Two forefeet-sole down, nose at knees or mid cannon

What should happen post foaling?

Doctor naval, enema, tetanus antitoxin, mare should pass placenta

Why do we need to conduct a breeding soundness exam for our stallions before breeding? How often should they be conducted?

Done before every breeding season, to check testicular function, semen, and for transmissible diseases.

Understand how the hormones work in the male reproductive

GnRH

LH- leydig cells for testosterone

FSH- for spermatogenesis

What are the 3 types of breeding systems we talked about? What

are the pros and cons of each?

Pasture breeding, Hand mating, AI