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Bio Quiz 2
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1
What are the two types of receptors in cell communication?
Transmembrane (surface) and Intracellular (inside)
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2
What is the function of transmembrane receptors?
They bind extracellular signals.
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3
What do intracellular receptors bind?
Small/nonpolar signals.
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4
What happens when a signal binds to a receptor?
It changes the receptor shape, triggering a response.
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5
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
To convert solar energy into chemical energy (glucose).
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6
What are the starting materials for light-dependent reactions?
Light and water (H₂O).
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7
Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
Thylakoid membrane (chloroplast).
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8
What is produced in the light-dependent reactions?
ATP and NADPH.
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9
What is the start and end product of glycolysis?
Starts with glucose and ends with 2 pyruvate.
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10
What is the ATP yield from glycolysis?
2 ATP.
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11
What does the Krebs cycle start with?
Acetyl-CoA (from pyruvate).
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12
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix.
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13
What is the end product of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
H₂O and ATP.
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14
How much ATP is produced in the ETC?
~34 ATP.
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15
What are the three subunits of DNA?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base.
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16
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix.
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17
What are introns and exons?
Introns are non-coding segments, exons are coding segments of DNA.
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18
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes.
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19
What % of the genome is made up of genes?
~1-2%.
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20
What is the term for the universal code linking codons to amino acids?
Genetic code.
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21
What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
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22
What does the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics state?
Energy transformations increase entropy (disorder).
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