Bio Quiz 2

What are the two types of receptors in cell communication?

Transmembrane (surface) and Intracellular (inside)

What is the function of transmembrane receptors?

They bind extracellular signals.

What do intracellular receptors bind?

Small/nonpolar signals.

What happens when a signal binds to a receptor?

It changes the receptor shape, triggering a response.

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

To convert solar energy into chemical energy (glucose).

What are the starting materials for light-dependent reactions?

Light and water (H₂O).

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

Thylakoid membrane (chloroplast).

What is produced in the light-dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH.

What is the start and end product of glycolysis?

Starts with glucose and ends with 2 pyruvate.

What is the ATP yield from glycolysis?

2 ATP.

What does the Krebs cycle start with?

Acetyl-CoA (from pyruvate).

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Mitochondrial matrix.

What is the end product of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

H₂O and ATP.

How much ATP is produced in the ETC?

~34 ATP.

What are the three subunits of DNA?

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base.

What is the structure of DNA?

Double helix.

What are introns and exons?

Introns are non-coding segments, exons are coding segments of DNA.

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46 chromosomes.

What % of the genome is made up of genes?

~1-2%.

What is the term for the universal code linking codons to amino acids?

Genetic code.

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

What does the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics state?

Energy transformations increase entropy (disorder).