Gov Ch. 9

civil rights

protections for individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, sex, etc. ensuring equal treatment under the law

require POSITIVE ACTION by the government to protect individuals

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

stops people with disabilities from being discriminated against in employment, government programs, and in public places

required them to be accessible

Dred Scott v. Sandford

ruled that former slaves and descendants of slaves were not citizens on the US

no natural rights for African Americans

Emancipation Proclamation

freed slaves

results in southern states from emanicpation proclamation

black codes to restrict the rights of freedmen

civil war amendments

13th: no slavery

14th: citizenship to all born in the US, due process clause and equal protection clause

15th: voting rights to African American men

Equal protection clause

has been used to protect the civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, etc.

overturned the 3/5 compromise

southern response to civil rights amednments

Jim crow laws: perserve segregation and prevent black men from voting (poll taxes, literacy tests)

Plessy v. Ferguson

SC upheld segreation laws and declared that “separate but equal” facilities did not violate the consitution

separate but equal

the doctrine that racial segregation was consitutional so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Thurgood Marshall and NAACP

led the attack on legal segreation, 5 cases (Brown v. Board)

sought to overturn plessy

brown v board of education

ruled that de jure segregtion in schools violates the equal protection clause of the 14th amednment and overturned plessy

set no time line on segregation

brown II

urged compliance with brown I “with all deliverate speed”

southern states slowed down desegregation efforts

de jure segregation

racial segregation written into law in the south - largely eliminated by the end of 1960s

de facto segregation

lingering social consequences of legal segregation even after those laws were no longer existent

harder to eliminate than de jure segregation

affirmative action

addresses the consequences of previous discrimination by providing the special consideration to individuals based on their personal characteristics

overturned in 2023

social movement

large group of citizens organizing for the end to segregation

occured because SCOTUS didnt get help from congress

civil disobedience

intentionally breaking a law to protest its injustice

montgomery bus boycott

led by MLK and lasted for a year

when rosa parks and claudette colvin were arrested for refusing to sit in the back of the bus

ended in 1956 in the case of Colvin that declare the bus law unconstitutional

Letter from Birmingham Jail

after MLK was in jail for protesting

SCLC send letters to stop protesting

he wrote the letter citizing the white moderate

SNCC

organized nonviolent protests across the south

Freedom riders

changed the civil rights movement once the new broadcasted the horrible violence they recieved from law enforcement

civil rights act of 1964

outlawed racial segregation in schools

could sue school districts that failed to desegregate

can withhold grants from districts that didn’t integrate their schools

outlawed employment discrimiination based on race

Voting rights act of 1965

outlawed literacy tests and authorized the Justice Department to send legal officers to register voters in unoccoperative cities

19th amendment

granted women the right to vote

2nd wave of women’s rights movement

began in the 1960s and addressed inequalities at work and in the home

National Organization for Women (NOW)

pushed for change in both the legislature and the SCOTUS

Title IX

part of the Higher Education Act of 1972

prohibited sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid

increased female particpation in sports programs

Equal rights Amedment (ERA)

not ratified but raised awareness of women’s rights issues

intermediate scrutiny

used to judge the consitutionality of cases involving gender discrimination

violation of Title VII of the Civil rights act of 1964

sexual or gender-based harassment

quid pro quo - request sexual favors in reutnr of advancement/employment

hostile working environment - actions, statements, or conditions that unreasonable interfere with the ability of employees to do their job