Human Biology Mitochondria + Heart

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria existed previously as:

an independent prokaryote.

The mitochondria lives _____ with the Eukaryote.

Symbiotically

What does the Mitochondria do?

Converts chemical energy of glucose into ATP molecules.

What is a Mitochondria structurally? 

double-membrane organelles with inner and outer plasma membranes.

Cristae

Matrix with enzymes for breaking down glucose (shelves).

Cellular respiration is:

the process by which mitochondria converts glucose into energy.

Cellular Respiration happens because

Blood brings glucose & oxygen to the cells.

Step 1 of Cellular Respiration is called what?

Glycolysis

Where does Glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Step 1 of process of Cellular Respiration:

SIX carbon glucose molecules is broken down into TWO pyruvate molecules.

This process makes a small amount of energy:

TWO ATP (usable energy)

NADH (energy carrier)

Step 2 of process of Cellular Respiration NAME?

Citric Acid Cycle or the Krebs Cycle

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Inside the mitochondria

Step 2 of process of Cellular Respiration:

The produced pyruvates enter the mitochondria as acetyl-CoA enzymes in the matrix and are broken down.

Product: carbon dioxide and a small amount of ATP. Makes more energy carriers: NADH & FADH₂

What do NADH & FADH₂ do in the Krebs cycle?

carry away electrons.

Step 3 of process of Cellular Respiration NAME?

Electron Transport Chain

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

In the Mitochondria

Step 3 of process of Cellular Respiration:

NADH from glycolysis and Krebs cycle will deliver electrons to the chain. The cristae will contain carrier proteins.

Each carrier accepts 2 electrons and passes them on. 

This powers the production of LOTS of ATP (around 32-34 ATP).

Why does Fermentation begin?

When glycolysis starts and there is no oxygen.

Fermentation:

anaerobic, burst of energy for a short time.

How does the body keep glycolysis going?

converts pyruvate into lactate, lets cells keep making some energy without oxygen.

The heart is strucuted as:

muscular, four-chambered organ. It's divided into a right side and a left side, each with an atrium (upper chamber) and a ventricle (lower chamber).

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body (via superior and inferior vena cava).

Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs (via pulmonary veins).

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body through the aorta.

Tricuspid Valve

separates the right atrium (upper chamber) from the right ventricle (lower chamber) of the heart. It opens to allow blood from the atrium into the ventricle and then closes tightly to prevent blood from flowing back into the atrium. 

Pulmonary Valve

one-way valve. controls the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

regulate blood flow between the left atrium (upper left chamber) and the left ventricle (lower left chamber) of the heart. 

Aortic Valve

primary function is to regulate the flow of blood from the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber) into the aorta, the largest artery in the body.

Pulmonary Arteries

carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Pulmonary Veins

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Aorta

carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all other organs and tissues

Vena Cavae

superior and inferior, are large veins that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart, located on the heart's right side.

What does Pulmonary Circuit (Lung Circuit) do?

Brings oxygen poor blood back to lungs.

Pulmonary Circuit (Lung Circuit) process

Vera Cavae →

right atrium →

tricuspid valve →

right ventricle →

pulmonary valve →

pulminary trunk →

left and right pulminary arteries →

lungs

What does Systemic Circuit do?

Left side, brings oxygen rich blood to body.

Systemic Circuit Process:

Pulminary veins →

left atrium →

bicuspid valve →

left ventricle →

aortic valve →

aorta →

rest of body