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enculturation
the process of learning one's culture; a lifelong practice that starts at birth and ends with death
socialization
process by which an individual becomes integrated into a society or group
humans are not the only social species but we are
the only species which culture is the basic survival mechanism
we learn culture from
agents of enculturation
examples of agents of enculturation
family
neighborhood
school
government
church
examples of what we learn from agents of enculturation
social axioms
facts and info
customs and traditions
beliefs
myths
un-thruths (lies, conspiracy theories)
all our lives we are bombarded by what
cultural messagry
culture is
the way humans are adapted to the world, and intermediates between our sense organs and brains and the universe in which we live; the medium through which we view and interpret reality
any of the 5 senses can be fooled by cultural messagry (t/f)
t
the biggest potential fool is
our brain because that is where our culture lies
you can only escape cultural messagry by
going alone and naked to pure, untrammeled wilderness
non-human animals have a medium too (t/f)
f
ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures, their behaviors and beliefs, from the perspective of one's own culture. The idea that one's own culture is more beautiful, rational, or nearer to perfection than others
basis for ethnocentrism and xenophobia
The Universe exists and it exists independently of what humans think about it.
It is human nature to try to figure out how and why the world works the way it does.
Each human group believes they're looking through a clear pane of glass all the time, and that the answers they come up with reflect reality as it really is.
They're not. All worldviews are cultural constructs.
What people believe to be true motivates their behavior. What people believe to be true is real in its consequences.
Humans will often insist, to the point of violence, that their view of reality is the only good, right, and true one
cultural relativism
The idea that cultures should be analyzed with reference to their own histories and values, in terms of the cultural whole, rather than according to the values of another culture. The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect
society
an ethnos, a people, often constituting a nation-state or occupying a large geographic area
socety is a people who
depend on one another for survival, well-being, or interaction,
through obligations, privileges, rights, and customs,
view themselves as being distinct, physically, culturally, or both, from other groups of people,
and tend to have four things in common: a territory, a history, a language, and a culture
a group consists of
people who regularly interact with one another and, usually, share similar values, norms, and expectations. Groups are smaller in scale than societies
societal or group membership is conferred through
Birth and rearing
Participation
Petitioning for membership
you can be content and happy alone (t/f)
f you can only be content
social location
bases for belonging and differentiation that will strongly influence how you see the world and how the world sees you
universal distinction
sex and age
master status variables in the US and elsewhere
sex, age, race
what is your social location
the collection of attributes, achieved and ascribed, that comprise you
in-group solidarity and out-group antagonism
Over a lifetime, humans develop complex identities that connect to other people and separate from still others
all societies must learn how to
Feed, clothe, and shelter themselves
Determine rights and responsibilities
Give meaning and significance to their lives
Live peaceably with each other (multi-cultural cooperation, segregation and discrimination, genocide)
Relate to those who live differently (trade, war)
what is the answer to societies questions
culture
elements of culture
Material culture or artifacts
Values, attitudes, and beliefs (ideofacts)
Patterned behaviors
humans are the only species with culture and unlike others we
make, use, and retain tools,
have ideofacts and share them through language, and
our behaviors are learned, not instinctual
what is the consensus of norms
culture
norms
that which most people do, think, feel, or say most of the time. Most elements of non-material culture are normative—that is they are widely shared by most members of a society
2 types of norms
ideal and real
ideal norms
ideas people in a society share about the way things ought to be done
real norms
what people actual do
most of the time ideal and real norms are the same (t/f)
t
culture is made possible by
language, or symbolic communication.
a symbol
anything, that stands for or represents something else
language allows
Human experiences to be cumulative; with writing (3300 BC), extra-somatic knowledge.
Shared perspectives or understandings of the past, present, and the future.
Complex, goal-directed behavior.
extra-somatic knowledge
knowledge contained in books
4 characteristics of culture
learned, shared, adaptive, always changing
culture is learned through
Observation
Participation
Inquiry
dominant culture
The culture shared by most members of a society, usually more powerful than subcultures
subculture
A variant of a dominant culture usually occurring within societies with large populations
examples of subcultures
LBGT, goths, bikers, etc
counterculture
A variant culture, usually occurring within societies with large populations, that challenges society's norms, especially its values
examples of counterculture
Suffragettes (1800s), Marxists (1950s), hippies (1960s), white supremacists, QAnon
small cultures have little disagreement (t/f)
t
how does culture adapt
To the physical environment (tools, fire, clothing).
To other societies.
To a society's own history
culture is always changing yet remains
integrated
social institutions
the means through which a society meets its basic needs—don't change at the same rate
differential rate of change in culture is known as
cultural lag
social institutions from fastest to slowest change
Weapons technology
Tool technology
All other technology
Family structure
Legal, Educational and Medical systems
Economic and Political systems
Religion
race
A social category based on distinguishing physical or cultural characteristics that biologically does not exist
tribal or ethnic group
social category based on distinguishing cultural characteristics; sense of belonging may center on their nation or region of origin, distinctive foods, clothing, language, music, religion, or family names and relationships
ethnos
people or nation
