Abnormal Psych CH1

What is psychopathology?

Study of mental illnesses 

What is, with an example, Muti-finality  and equifinality

MUL: psychological disorder are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors

\-stress is associated with multiple disorders

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EQUI: principle that a behavior or disorder may have several causes

\-many different early experiences that can lead to the same psychological disorder.

how different early experiences in life (e.g., parental divorce, physical abuse, parental substance abuse) can lead to similar outcomes( ex, childhood depression)

equifinality

the process by which certain environments, experiences, or characteristics increase risk for a number of different types of psychopathology in children or adults

multi finality

What are the five psychosexual stages development by Freud?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, latency, genital 

Name and definition: what are the the three essential characteristics that Carl Rogers said is needed for therapists

\-empathy: the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

\-unconditional positive regard: acceptance of the counselor by not judging or condemning the client’s actions or feelings

\-genuine: being authentic, sincere, honest, truthful

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Tell me the definition with example of prevalence vs incidence

Prevalence: what percentage of a population has this disorder/disease

Incidence: how many new cases are there in a certain time frame 

   -a year, today, in the last five years, etc. 

Tell me who is associated with classical conditioning , operant conditioning , humanistic theory, and psychoanalytic theory 

CC-Pavlov 

Operant- skinner 

Humanistic: Rogers 

Psychoanalytic- Freud 

Someone explain with the elements, what classical conditioning is?

Form of learning and ppl learn associations between mental? stimuli and stimuli that already has meaning

And conditioning explains the activity to some degree

Give me a scenario of unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response 

The very bad example( the poor girl):

A young lady was raped( this is the US), she experienced fear( the UR-> you don’t have to be trained to get this response); she saw feet when this happened so there was a string pairing to the feet( CS is the feet bc it was paired with the rape); now she is afraid of the feet(CR)

Condition means something is

learned

Pavlov’s dog example for classical conditioning

US: food 

UR: salivating to the food 

CS: the bell

CR: salivating to the bell 

Three examples of defense mechanisms

Repression

Denial

Regression

Acute vs insidious onset 

Acute Onset: it happens in the moment

  -you suddenly get sick 

Insidious Onset: over a period of time 

  -like anxiety 

Name two neurotransmitters and what is antagonist and an agonist

Neurotransmitters: Serotonin and dopamine

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Antagonist:decreases or blocks the effects

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Agonist: increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects of a neurotransmitter

Give me a scenario and identify the independent and dependent variable 

The plant example in your notes: 

Growth of plants: independent is the amount of water you’d put in the plants & the dependent variable  is the height of the plant 

What theory do projective techniques come from, what are projective techniques, and give me an example 

 1.Psychoanalytic theory


2. Used to asses the unconscious processing 
3. Ex. Ink block cards/ Rosharch test 

Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response

psychological disorder

there is not a single definition for psychopathy because

it is very complex and comprehensive

not being able to function

dysfunctional

being able to function ‘normally’ means being able to

function in what one considers everyday tasks( work, school, socially, adaptively, etc.)

period of confusion, perhaps memory gaps, difficulty concentrating 

dellirium

abnormal cognitive functioning

intellectual disability( affects academic, understanding things, executive functioning) 

abnormal behavioral functioning

Compulsions, being impulsive, being hyper, cutting in line, laughing at inappropriate times, fidgeting

abnormal emotional functioning

emotional regulation, sudden anger outbursts

reaction vs response in emotions

reaction is emotional driven while response is cognitive driven 

how we express our emotions 

affect

behavior relating to cultural norms

some behaviors in some cultures might be normal in some places but seen as weird in others

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EX. Loss-> some cultures you only have to be in mourning for a year in reverence of the deceased one but in the US if you were to do this it would be worrisome 

what does every mental disorder cause

some sort of significant impairment or distress in a person’s life

medical doctors, go to medical school, and are the ones who prescribe the medication

psychiatrist

go to graduate school, focus on clinical or counseling psychology, and focus on doing therapy 

psychologist

psychiatrists are more

medical driven

psychologists are more

therapy driven

the clinical descriptions begins with

presenting the issue; What are they coming in for?

* Kind of like going to the doctor and listing what health symptoms you have

in the clinical description, what does it aim to do

Want some type of label so we know what the problem and how to relive it 

what percentage of a population has a disorder 

prevalence

prevalence refers to

How many people the disease/disorder affects & how many people have had it 

how many new cases are identified in either the last last year, this week/month, or today

incidence

how it begins 

onset

sudden symptoms; instantaneous

acute onset

acute onset examples

Delirium

You have a stroke & now you’re confused

One the way to the store you’re fine but on the way home you’re not

gradual, Insidious( subtle way but with harmful effects)

insidious onset

insidious onset examples

Dementia, Alzheimer’s 

the course of disorders can be described in three ways, what are they

episodic, chronic, time limited

episodic

chronic

time limited

health in the future, their condition 

prognosis

goal directed prognosis

I answered your question and my direction was clear; you asked me what I did this weekend and I answered clearly 

^this is a good prognosis

linear prognosis

go down a rabbit hole; I ask how was your weekend and you start to talk about rock collections and types of paint 

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^poor prognosis

the origin of the disorder

etiology

interventions to help bring relief to an individual 

treatment

Three dominant traditions have existed in the past to explain abnormal behavior. What are they?

* Supernatural
* Biological
* Psychological

the supernatural tradition

\-battle of ‘good vs evil’

\-caused by possession/witchcraft

\-treatment was exorcism

outbreak of strange behavior in a large scale

mass hysteria

Paracelsus

talked about how our mood and behavior are guided by the moon and stars and lunacy

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said that the moon & stars affect our psychological functioning 

hippocrates

Abnormal behavior as a physical disease

Hysteria “the wandering uterus”

psychological symptoms were a result of the uterus moving around in the body

Neurotic vs Psychotic

neurotic is the emotional, crazy and psychotic is hearing or seeing things that aren’t there

Functioning is related to having two much or too little of four key bodily fluids (humors)

* Humoral theory of disorders
* Galenic-Hippocratic tradition

Our psychological functioning is affected by the balance of fluids in our bodies. What were the four fluids

* Blood
* phlegm
* black bile
* yellow bile

Psychiatrist who believed mental illness had physical roots

john p. grey

Classification of disorders and recognized schizophrenia as a disorder 

Emil Kraepelin

how we interact with others is often guided by this according to Freud

unconscious

structure of the mind according with Freud

* Id (pleasure principle; illogical, emotional, irrational)
* Superego (moral principles)
* Ego (rational; mediates between supergo/id)

what is the preconscious

* at the surface
* if someone says ‘you’re favorite Elementary Teacher you’d be able to think about them immediately

the ID

* there when ur born
* primal needs or pleasure principle
* immediate gratification 
* EX. ‘I’m hungry feed me now’ even thought you’re in class atm

the ego

* reality principle
* mediator b/t ID and superego
* EX. Reality is that you’re in class, it’s almost over, you can go eat later

the superego

* moral principle
* can become too developed
* what you would and should not do 
* EX. You might think “Is it really appropriate to get up in the middle of class and leave to go eat?”

What were some of the things that made PSYCH start to transition into Biology

Four humors: black & yellow vile, blood, phlegm 

What were the beliefs of the Supernatural Period regarding mental health?

They thought if you had a mental disorder you were possessed/ a witch 

Examples of a Course for a Mental Disorder

Episodic, time limited 

Two Types of Onset & describe them

* Acute: sudden, rapid 
* Insidious: gradual 

Difference between Prevalence and Incidence 

* Prevalence: what percentage of the population 
* Incidence: new cases 

Freud talked about how people use defense mechanisms to cope with internal conflicts. What are the defense mechanisms

\-regression

\-denial

\-projection

\-displacement

\-regression

\-sublimation

unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious

repression

repression example

Trauma ; have repression to the point that you don’t even remember the memory 

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We have a thought, we are uncomfortable with it, thus we shove it in the back of our mind

blocking external events from awareness and if it’s too much to handle refuse to experience it

denial

denial example

* Grieving, even in break ups
* one is not going to claim it for what it is

involves individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives to another person

projection

projection example

when you’re angry with someone that you’re not comfortable addressing to but when they do the slightest thing you ask  if they’re upset with you 

satisfying an impulse( ex. aggression) with a substitute object

displacement

displacement example

One isn’t comfortable addressing it with this person in this situation.

You don’t feel safe so you’re gonna go where you feel safe

we might do this with our loved ones→ lash out at them if they ask us something because we can’t lash out at our boss

a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress

regression

regression example

Addiction of any kind(sober for 5yrs, something happens, and then you regress

satisfying an impulse(ex. aggression) with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way

sublimation

sublimation example

\-Go take the negative emotions/behavior and go do something that is appropriate/productive

Goal of Freud’s Psychoanalysis therapy

taking things from the unconscious and bringing them into the conscious 

Directing one’s thoughts to influence the direction & let the patients free associate( keep talking) & if this is the case the unconscious will reveal itself 

free association

emotional expression; venting 

catharsis

when a client is placing on you feelings from someone important in their life

transference

you love a person for who they are regardless of their behavior  

unconditional regard

oral stage

* if you get fixated at this stage you get preoccupied with putting things in our mouth 
* we eat( breast, bottle-fed)

anal stage

potty training

if you can negotiate this well then there are fewer messes but if you don’t & get fixed you’re on one side or the other( messy vs clean)

2 to 3 years of age 

phallic stage

Oedipus & Electra Complex

5yr old boys see their moms as sexual objects & that their dads were threats( competitor) for the mother’s attention  

this is where Freud lost credibility BC there was no evidence to support it 

latency stage

start to engage with peers

develop into a sexual human being

genital stage

pubescent

when you become a sexual being

go through puberty 

Attach meaning to objects, so we have an emotional connection to something so we have to lean on that in ways to develop our own ego strength( central stability)

object relations theory

hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow( humanist)

best authentic version of yourself ( at the very top)

self actualization