Cognitive Biases

Cognitive bias

когнітивне упередження

the way a particular person understands events, facts, and other people, which is based on their own particular set of beliefs and experiences and may not be reasonable or accurate

ˌkɑːɡ.nə.t̬ɪv ˈbaɪ.əs/

Anchoring effect, ефект якоря (або ефект анкера).

Definition:
The anchoring effect is a cognitive bias where people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive (the "anchor") when making decisions. This initial information influences their judgments and estimates, even if it is irrelevant or misleading.

Phonetic transcription
/ˈæŋ.kər.ɪŋ ɪˈfɛkt/

tremendous

very great in amount or level, or extremely good

/trɪˈmen.dəs/

instance

a particular situation, event, or fact, especially an example of something that happens generally

/ˈɪn.stəns/

initial

of or at the beginning

/ɪˈnɪʃ.əl/

Availability heuristic, евристика доступності

Availability heuristic is a mental shortcut (heuristic) that relies on immediate examples that come to a person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision. People tend to overestimate the importance or likelihood of things that are easier to remember.

/əˌveɪ.ləˈbɪl.ə.ti hjuːˈrɪs.tɪk/

overestimate

to guess an amount that is too high or a size that is too big

перебільшити

/ˌoʊ.vɚˈes.tə.meɪt/

Bandwagon effect ефект "приєднання до більшості" (ефект натовпу)

це когнітивне упередження, коли люди починають підтримувати або приймати певну ідею, думку чи тренд тільки тому, що багато інших людей це роблять. Це бажання «бути як усі» або «приєднатись до переможців».

Phonetic transcription (American English):
/ˈbændˌwæɡən ɪˈfɛkt/

squelch

to stop something quickly and completely | to make a sucking sound like the one produced when you are walking on soft, wet ground

/skweltʃ/

To be biased towards

бути упередженим щодо

To distort perception

викривляти сприйняття

To make judgments

робити висновки

heuristics

a way of solving problems by discovering things yourself and learning from your own experiences

/hjʊˈrɪs.tɪks/

To recall information

пригадувати інформацію

Choice Supportive Bias

a cognitive bias that occurs when people remember the choices they made as better than they actually were. They tend to attribute more positive features to the option they selected and downplay or forget the negatives.

/ʧɔɪs səˈpɔːrtɪv ˈbaɪəs/

Confirmation bias — упередження підтвердження

the fact that people are more likely to accept or notice information if it appears to support what they already believe or expect

People tend to seek out, interpret, and remember information in a way that supports what they already think, while ignoring or dismissing contradictory evidence.

/ˌkɑːn.fɚˈmeɪ.ʃən ˈbaɪ.əs/

Ostrich Bias «страусине» упередження (уникнення неприємної інформації)

Ostrich bias is a cognitive bias where people avoid negative or threatening information by pretending it doesn’t exist — just like an ostrich metaphorically "burying its head in the sand." It often occurs in situations involving risk, finances, or health, where facing the truth feels uncomfortable.

Phonetic transcription (American English):
/ˈɑː.strɪʧ ˈbaɪ.əs/

subconscious

підсвідомість / підсвідомий

outlier

виняток/аномалія

Outcome bias — упередження результату

Outcome bias is a cognitive bias where people judge the quality of a decision based on its outcome rather than on the logic or process that led to the decision. This can lead to unfair evaluations — for example, assuming a decision was good just because it had a good result, even if it was based on poor reasoning.

/ˈaʊtˌkʌm ˈbaɪ.əs/

efficacy

/ˈef.ə.kə.si/ ефективність

evaluate

/ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/ оцінювати, визначати цінність або ефективність

consequence

a result or effect of an action or condition:

solely

/ˈsoʊl.li/

exclusively

only

vice versa

the other way around — when the positions or order of two things are switched.

Survivorship bias — упередження виживання

Survivorship bias is a cognitive bias that occurs when people focus only on the successful examples or “survivors” of a process while ignoring those that failed or disappeared. This can lead to overly optimistic beliefs and flawed conclusions because the failures are not considered.

Selective Perception Bias

Selective perception bias is a cognitive bias where individuals perceive and interpret information in a way that aligns with their expectations, beliefs, or desires, while ignoring or downplaying information that contradicts them.

Blind Spot Bias — упередження “сліпої плями”

Blind spot bias is a cognitive bias where people recognize biases in others but fail to see their own biases. In other words, they are blind to their own faulty thinking while easily spotting it in others.

Phonetic transcription (American English):
/ˈblaɪnd spɑːt ˈbaɪ.əs/