SCIENCE CHAPTER 21

What is the type of muscle tissue that is made of sarcomeres? Has dark and light stripes

Skeletal/striated muscle

What is involuntary muscle tissue that is not composed of sarcomeres and forms many internal organs? Has no striations

smooth muscle

What is striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart? Has interwoven striations

cardiac muscle

Tendons connect ___________ to _________.

Tendons connect muscle to bone.

Ligaments connect _________ to ________.

Ligaments connect bone to bone.

What is the section of a muscle fiber from z-line to z-line?

sarcomeres

What does sarcos mean?

flesh

Which of the motor proteins is attached to the z-line?

actin filaments

Which protein is the thin filament?

actin

Which protein is the thick filament?

myosin

During muscle contraction, calcium ions (Ca+) bind to ________________ and cause it to change shape. When changing shape, this protein causes the movement of ____________________, revealing the myosin binding sites on the actin fibers. The myosin “club” heads can now attach.

During muscle contraction, calcium ions (Ca+) bind to troponin and cause it to change shape. When changing shape, this protein causes the movement of tropomyosin, revealing the myosin binding sites on the actin fibers. The myosin “club” heads can now attach.

What is the additional need for oxygen resulting from strenuous activity? The lack of oxygen that causes the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles and liver.

oxygen debt

What is a pair of muscles that work together to produce a motion and its opposite motion?

antagonistic pair

What body systems interact with the muscular system?

the respiratory system, digestive system, integumentary system, nervous system

What is the most important nutrient, gives source of energy?

glucose

____ is necessary for the contracted muscle to relax. That is why a dead person experiences rigor mortis until the ______ degrades on its own.

No life= no _____.

ATP

____________ is a soft tissue found in most animals.

They contain filaments of _________ and ___________ that slide past one another, producing a contraction that cause a change in _________ and _________.

__________ function to produce _________ and __________.

Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.

They contain filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a contraction that cause a change in shape and length.

Muscles function to produce force and motion.

MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS

What is the ability of muscle tissue to shorten and cause movement?

What is response to stimuli?

What is ability to retain shape?

What is ability to stretch?

contraction, irritability, elasticity, extensibility

MUSCLE STRUCTURE

Muscle _________ → Muscle _______ → __________ → group of _____- _________ muscle fibers → muscle

MUSCLE STRUCTURE

Muscle fiber → Muscle cell → fascicle → group of 10- 100 muscle fibers → muscle

What are threadlike structures found in the cytoplasm of muscle fibers?

myofibrils

Myofibrils are made up of 2 types of protein filaments. What are they? What type of proteins are they?

Myosin- motor protein and actin- spherical protein. They act together for contraction

What is the smallest part of a muscle called?

Muscle fiber

Myofibrils are made up of ______________(alt thin actin) and ____________ fibers. They are surrounded by connective tissue called ________________.

Myofibrils are made up of sarcomeres (alt thin actin) and myosin fibers. They are surrounded by connective tissue called endomysium.

What is a muscle working as a unit called?

muscle bundle

Plasma membrane → ___________

Cytoplasm → ______________

ER → _______________ _______________

Mitochondrion → _________________

Plasma membrane → sarcolemma

Cytoplasm → sarcoplasm

ER → sarcoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondrion → sacrosome

MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

__________________ makes muscle movement. _______ is needed, ________ is produced.

MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Contraction makes muscle movement. ATP is needed, heat is produced.

What is the inability of muscle fibers to contract after prolonged use? This is caused due to a build up of lactic acid.

Muscle fatigue

What is a short, involuntary muscle contraction?

spasm

What are painful, involuntary contractions in fatigued muscles?

cramps

What increases the size of muscle fibers, not the number, more mitochondria and actin, and myosin filaments?

weight training

What is tiny damage to the fibers, and is important for muscle growth? The body responds to overcompensating, replacing the damaged tissue and adding more muscle. Exercise physiology is very complex. And muscles are not torn during exercise, at least not literally. Rebuild to accomodate stress.

microtrauma

What type of training benefits the heart and lungs, increased number of blood vessels leading into muscles? More oxygen transported to the muscles.

cardiovascular training

What is reduction in muscle fibers due to lack of use?

atrophy

What is temporary stiffness of a body’s muscles and joints after death? Muscular stiffening that begins 2 to 4 hours after death and lasts about 4 days.

Maximum stiffness is reached around 12-24 hours post mortem. _________ __________ are affected first, with the rigor then spreading to other parts of the body. The joints are stiff for 1-3 days. Useful when determining time of death.

rigor mortis

Facial muscles

MUSCLE ACTIONS

______________ vs. _____________

______________ vs. _____________

MUSCLE ACTIONS

flexion vs. extension

abduction vs. adduction

What does ab mean? What does ad mean?

away, to

What muscle rotates? (elevation vs. depression)

sternocleidomastoid

Muscles ________, never __________. Muscles work in _____________.

(prime mover, antagonist, antagonistic pair, synergist “to work together”)

Muscles pull, never push. Muscles work in groups.

What are the 3 types of skeletons?

hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton

Bones are classified according to shape. What bones are long? What bones re short? What bones are irregular? What bones are flat?

Long- humerus and tibia

Short- carpals, tarsals

Irregular- vertebrae (inside of skull)

Flat bones- parts of skull, ribs

Purpose of the skeleton is what?

support, protection, storage for minerals, formation of blood cells

What are bone cells called? What are baby bone cells called? What break down bone cells?

Bones grow in length from _______________ plate.

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, epiphyseal

What skeleton has 80 bones? (skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column)

What skeleton has 126 bones? (pectoral and pelvic girdles, appendages)

axial and appendicular skeleton

In fetal development, sutures are called ______________.

fontanel

LONG BONE

1. What are ends of the bone called?

2. What is the bone shaft called?

3. What is cartilage where there is movement in a joint called?

4. What is cancellous/trabecular bone where red bone marrow is found?

5. What lines the marrow cavity inside the membrane, medullary cavity?

6. What covers the long bone and is around it?

7. What is “marrow cavity?”

8. What is “spongy bone?”

9. What bone is also called cortical bone and is a very dense bone?

10. What bone is the growth plate

1. epiphysis

2. diaphysis

3. articular cartilage

4. spongy bone

5. endosteum

6. periosteum

7. medullary cavity

8. cancellous bone

9. compact bone

10. ephiphyseal plate

What is flexible soft matrix? It is avascular, found at the ends of bones, noses and ears, and ribs to sternum?

cartilage

What is conversion of cartilage into bone?

ossification

What are the 3 types of joints?

Fibrous/synovial/freely movable joints (shoulder)

Cartilaginous joints or slightly movable

immovable

What is a connection between two or more bones or between cartilage and bone?

joints

What are some movable joints?

ball and socket (shoulder), hinge (elbow), pivot (head), gliding (knuckles), saddle (thumb), condyloid (base of fingers)

What are sacklike structures between tendons, ligaments, and bones? They cushion and reduce friction.

bursas

What is inflammation of the bursa called?

bursitis

What are some causes of broken bones?

trauma, pathologic, closed, open

What is a wrench or twist of the ligaments of a joint? (pain, swelling, ligament may be torn)

What is joint inflammation?

sprain, arthritis