L12-nucleophilic substitution

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Last updated 10:34 PM on 10/13/26
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9 Terms

1
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what is a nucleophile

a region of high electron densisty,from a lone pair or from negative charge

2
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what is an electrophile

a region of low electron density, for example an atom next to an electronegative atom or a carbocation would be electron deficient

3
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what makes a good leaving group

its able to stabilise a negative charge so its is more likely to be formed

4
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<p>explain the SN2 mechanism </p>

explain the SN2 mechanism

  • substitution nucleophilic bimolecular

  • the nucleophile attacks ( 180 attack ) the electrophile to make a bond and then a bond is broken

  • a high energy transition state is made which shows the nucleophile joining and the leaving group leaving

  • the product is formed containing the nucleophile is made which has a stereochemical centre that is inverted


5
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what things are required/ encourgae SN2 

  • a good nucleophile-one that is able to displace the leaving group 

  • primary substrates 


6
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explain the SN1 mechanism 

  • substitution nucleophilic unimolecular 

  • due to steric hinderance initially the nucleophile cant attack 

  • first the leaving group needs to leave 

  • once its left the nucleophile is able to attack the carbocation produced - it has an equal chance of attaching at either position racemic 


7
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what are the features of a SN1 reaction and what can cause it to occur

  • only one molecule is involved at the start

  • the first step ( waiting for the leaving group to leave ) is the rate determining step and the slowest

what causes it:

  • weak nucleophiles 

  • large nucleophiles 

  • stabilised carbocation

  • a very good leaving group  


8
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explain E1

  • first the the leaving group leaves in the slowest rate determining step

  • this forms a carbocation intermediate to be formed which the base can take a proton from to form a molecule with a double bond



9
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explain E2

  • elimination bimolecular

  • the base attacks the proton ( attacks the proton which allows maximum orbital overlap ) making a bond and a bond between the leaving group is broken

  • it goes through the transition state

  • finally forms the molecule with the double bond