more basic biopharmaceutical shit lol

To deliver the right drug, in the right concentration, to the right site of action at the right time to produce the desired effect.

objective of drug therapy

The study of factors associated with drug products and physiological processes, and the resulting systemic concentrations of the drugs.

biopharmaceutics

The location where an administered drug produces an effect.

side of action

The cellular material at the site of action which interacts with the drug.

receptor

The characteristic of a drug that makes its action specific to certain receptors and the tissues they affect.

selective action

Drugs that activate receptors to accelerate or slow normal cell function.

agonist

Drugs that bind with receptors but do not activate them. They block receptor action by preventing other drugs or substances from activating them.

antagonist

The blood concentration needed of a drug to produce a response.

minimum effective concentration (MEC)

The time MEC is reached and the response occurs.

onset of action

A drug's blood concentration range between its minimum effective concentration and minimum toxic concentration.

therapeutic window

A term sometimes used to refer to all of the ADME processes together.

disposition

The movement of drugs from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

passive diffusion

The movement of drugs from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Cellular energy is required.

active transport

Water repelling; cannot associate with water.

hydrophobic

Capable of associating with or absorbing water.

hydrophilic

Fat like substance.

lipoidal

The time a drug will stay in the stomach before it is emptied into the small intestine.

gastric emptying time

Formed when molecules of different chemicals attach to each other, as in protein binding.

comlex/complexation

The attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue protein, effectively making the drug inactive, but also keeping it within the body.

protein binding

The substance resulting from the body's transformation of an administered drug.

metabolite

A complex protein that causes chemical reactions in other substances.

enzyme

The increase in enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs.

enzyme induction

The decrease in enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs.

enzyme inhibition

The substantial degradation of a drug caused by enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches the systemic circulation.

first-pass metabolism

The transfer of drugs and their metabolites from teh liver to the bile in the gall bladder and then into the intestine.

enterohepatic cycling

The functional unit of the kidney.

nephron

The blood filtering process of the kidneys.

glomerular filtration

The relative amount of an administered dose that reaches the general circulation and the rate at which this occurs.

bioavailability

The comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms.

bioequivalency

Drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredients in the same dosage form.

pharmaceutical equivalent

Drug products that contain the same active ingredients, but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage form.

pharmaceutical alternative

Pharmaceutical equivalent that produces the same effects in patients.

therapeutic equivalent

The upper limit of the therapeutic window. Drug concentrations above the MTC increase the risk of undesired effects.

minimum toxic concentration (MTC)

The processes of metabolism and excretion.

elimination

The movement of a drug from the dosage formulation to the blood.

absorption

The place where a drug causes an effect to occur is called the

a. site of action.

b. site of administration.

c. therapeutic window.

d. minimum toxic concentration (MTC).

a. site of action.

When a drug produces and effect, it is acting at a/an \_____ level.

a. tissue

b. atomic

c. molecular

d. organ

c. molecular

Drug action can be caused by a

a. physical action, such as a protective ointment.

b. chemical action, such as an antacid neutralizing acidity.

c. osmotic action, such as moving water out of tissues into blood.

d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

An antagonist will

a. not bind to a receptor.

b. accelerate a normal body process.

c. prevent other drugs from binding to a receptor.

d. cause extended stimulation of receptors.

c. prevent other drugs from binding to a receptor.

In a blood concentration-curve, the range between the minimum toxic concentration (MTC) and the minimum effective concentration (MEC) is called the

a. onset of action.

b. concentration at site of action.

c. duration of action.

d. therapeutic window.

d. therapeutic window.

The time a drug's blood concentration is above the MTC is called the

a. onset of action.

b. duration of action.

c. concentration at site of action.

d. none of the above.

d. none of the above.

When studying concentration and effect, the \____ is the time MEC is reached and the response occurs.

a. therapeutic window

b. MTC

c. onset of action

d. duration of action

c. onset of action

Which drug would not typically be monitored with peak and trough blood concentrations?

a. vancomycin

b. valproic acid

c. promethazine

d. phenytoin

c. promethazine

If the blood concentration-time profile reflects the amount of drug at teh site of action, the maximum therapeutic response would occur

a. at the onset of action.

b. at the MEC.

c. at the peak blood concentration.

d. when elimination is the predominant process.

c. at the peak blood concentration.

The transfer of a drug out of a dosage form and into the blood is called

a. absorption.

b. dissolution.

c. metabolism.

d. elimination.

a. absorption.

Blood concentrations are the result of \_____ simultaneously occuring processes, whcih together are referred to as \_____.

a. two, passive diffusion

b. four, disposition

c. three, elimination

d. five, absorption

b. four, disposition

Unionized drugs are

a. actively transported.

b. hydrophobic drugs.

c. passively diffused through membranes.

d. hydrophilic drugs.

b. hydrophobic drugs.

Which processes can influence the absoprtion of drugs given orally?

a. first-pass metabolism

b. intestinal transit time

c. gastric emptying

d. all of the above

d. all of the above