AP World History Unit 7

Turkification

A process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society

Bolshevik

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Communists

Belief that workers should own the "means of production" and that would bring about a just society. They also believed in a classless society.

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Mexican Revolution

Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Kemal Ataturk

Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938)

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Great War

Known as World War I and the War to End All Wars: a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers from 1914 to 1919.

Gavrilo Princip

Member of a terrorist organization called The Black Hand. Helped to end the optimistic Progressive era in America. Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Wanted to set Bosnia free from Austria-Hungary

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

Propoganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Global War

A war where almost everyone is involved, all across the globe

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

ANZAC

The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, which was a combined force of Australian and New Zealand volunteer soldiers

Paris Peace Conference

The peace conference that decided the terms of WWI peace and Treaty of Versailles.

Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (french premier), David Lloyd George (british prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (italian prime minister)

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.

Weimar Republic

the republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Poison gas

Introduced by the Germans and was used by both sides during the war; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation

machine guns

These new mechanized weapons used during WWI increased loss of life from previous wars.

submarines

U-boats, Germans used them most effectively against the British navy

airplanes

A new technology in WWI used for reconnaissance then later for fighting and bombing.

tanks

Heavy armored vehicle which could travel over barbed wire and across enemy trenches

U-boat

a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1

Deficit spending

government spending, in excess of revenue, of funds raised by borrowing rather than from taxation.

great depresion

started after the crash of the stock market. the period started in the 1929 - 1940. unemployment skyrocketed and many poeple lost there jobs and homes.

new deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Russian Civil War

1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.

Fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic system of government and social organization.

totalitarian state

a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

Luftwaffe

German Air Force

Hyperinflation

A very rapid rise in the price level; an extremely high rate of inflation.

Decolonization

The acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision. This gave Britain, France and Japan an oppertunity to increase imperial holdings.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Zionists

Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Satyagraha

the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms

Mahatma

"Great Soul"; title given to Gandhi

Salt March

Gandhi led a march over 240 miles to protest the British monopoly on salt in India

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Siege of Leningrad

German blockade in 1941-42 in Russia resulted in death of 1,000,000 Russian civilians

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Battle of El Alamein

1942-British victory in WWII that stopped the Axis forces from advancing into Northern Africa

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Battle of the Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

Battle of Midway Island

A naval and air battle fought in World War II in which planes from American aircraft carriers blunted another assault on Hawaii and did enough damage to halt the Japanese advance. Was a major turning point in the war against Japan.

Guadalcanal

first U.S. land victory over the Japanese, 1943

D-day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Nagasaki

Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Aug 8th, 1945.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Erwin Rommel

"Desert Fox"-May 1942; German and Italian armies were led by him and attacked British occupied Egypt and the Suez Canal for the second time; were defeated at the Battle of El Alamein; was moved to France to oversee the defenses before D-Day; tried to assassinate Hitler.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Armistice Day

11am, November 11, 1918 (11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918)

Armenian Genocide

the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

Influenza Epidemic of 1918

largely overlooked because of war, killed 550,000 Americans, 50-100 million died worldwide, facilitated by bad health conditions in war camps, helped by Red Cross and Public Health Service

Heinrich Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)

Nuremburg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Final Solution

Final solution of the Jewish question-murder of every single Jew-had begun-mass arresting, and trafficking of Jews to the concentration camps-mass killings occurred as well in the gas chambers