LATIN III GRAMMAR (FINAL)

ut noun clause

"substantive clause"

- ut + subjunctive

- translate 'ut' as 'that' and the subjunctive verb as though it were indicative (regular)

- also translated as 'to'

syncopated perfect

1st conjugation (āre) verbs, perfect pp often ends in 'vī'

- shortening the verb and dropping the v + vowel

-- ex: superāverit = superārit

passive periphrastic

future passive participle ending in -ndus/a/um + form of 'sum/esse' (to be)

- shows necessity- translated with "must" or "should"

-- Carthage must be destroyed

imperfect subjunctive

present infinitive + endings (re + endings)

- shows action at same time/after action in main clause

-- translated as regular past tense

- ex: she asked where I lived (past tense verb occurs present)

pluperfect subjunctive

perfect infinitive + endings

- isse + endings (ex: parāvissem)

- shows action before main clause action

-- ex: she asked where I had lived (more past tense with had)

- "lived" is before the main clause action "she asked"

contrary-to-fact imperfect subjunctive

something that cannot happen in present

- if I where you, I would apply for that job

-- imperfect because the action isn't complete

contrary-to-fact pluperfect subjunctive

something that cannot have happened in the past

- "if you had applied for that job, you would have gotten it"

temporal cum clause

cum + indicative

- "when"

circumstantial cum clause

cum + subjunctive

- "when"

causal cum clause

cum + subjunctive

- "since"

consessive cum clause

cum + subjunctive

- "although"

relative clause

quī/quae/quod, gives more information about a noun/its antecedent

- the tree on which there are white berries

relative clause of characteristic (rel clause + subjunctive)

generalizes about the antecedent

- abored in quā sint poma alba

- the kind of tree on which there are white berries

relative purpose, result, circumstantial, causal, concessive clauses

replace ut or cum with relative pronoun

- context tells us which type of clause

apposition

noun followed by another noun with the same function

- George Washington, our first president... (both subject)

gerund

verbal noun- verb acts as a noun

- future passive participle (-ndus/a/um) in latin

-- studeō nandō (I am interested in swimming)

present subjunctive

present stem with changed last vowel for each declension (we fear a giant liar)

- jussive "may" "let"

-- shows action at same time/after main action

- let him live here

perfect active subjunctive

perfect active stem + eri + endings

- shows action before the action in the main clause

- "she is asking where I lived"

perfect passive subjunctive

4th pp + sim/sis/sit/simus/sitis/sint (present subjunctive of esse)

- shows action before action in main clause

- he suggested the project had been completed today

ablative absolute

noun/pronoun and its participle (tense/voice) are both in ablative case- verb looks different, formed in same case # gender as noun

-- provides more information about conditions under which main event occurs (time, reason..)

- verbs usually 2-1-2

- domo ruina

-- ruina also ablative, elaborates on the house/that its collapsing

purpose ut clause

ut = to, so that

- states reasoning why

- tell me so that I may know

result ut clause

ut = that

- shows what comes of it

-- its so hot that I'm sweating

negative fear clause

ut + neg adverb = that...not

- that he will not fight

negative purpose, neg ut noun, positive fear

all use nē

- np: don't tell me so I may not know

- un: I beg you not to leave

- pf: I fear that he will leave

future conditional clause

shows possible action in the future

- uses sī + indicative verb "if"

-- if you come

future perfect conditional clause

most likely action in future, uses sī + future perfect

- if you come (which is most likely)

present subjunctive conditional clause

shows unlikely action in future, sī + subjunctive

- if you should come (but not likely)

aliquis/quis/quid rule

aliquis/quis/quid = some(one/thing)

- ali-'s fall away after sī, nisī, num, nē

-- ex: sī quid (= aliquid)...

hic,haec, hoc demonstrative pronoun

this(sg)/these(pl)

ille, illa, illud demonstrative pronoun

that (sg)/those (pl)

- 'that' when talking about possession can also be iste/a/ud

is, ea, id

he/she/it

- can also be used to say this/that

suus, sua, suum

shows possession

- his/hers/its

ablative with cardinal numbers

shows the whole part from which a part comes from

- ex/de + ablative

-- out of these three armies, he sent one into africa (1/3)

genitive of the whole

shows whole from which a part comes

- whole in genitive form with no preposition

- part of the army