Anatomy Exam 1 Review

VOCABULARY flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the lecture notes, organized by topic across Pages 1–3.

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living organisms; smallest unit capable of independent life.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Imaging modality that uses radiotracers to visualize metabolic processes.

Tissue

A group of similar cells performing a common function.

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (bones, muscles, etc.).

Levels of Organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism; six levels in total.

Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions

Anabolic builds up larger molecules; Catabolic breaks down molecules.

Ultrasound

Imaging method using high-frequency sound waves; considered safe during pregnancy.

MRI Disadvantages

High cost, loud noises, and a claustrophobic environment with the need for magnetic shielding.

CHON (Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen)

Four elements that together make up more than 95% of body mass.

Glucose

Primary energy source for brain cells.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars such as glucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose, and ribose.

Polysaccharides

Polymers of monosaccharides (e.g., glycogen, starch, cellulose).

Phospholipid Structure

Two fatty acids, glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.

Cholesterol

A sterol lipid.

Dehydration Synthesis

Reaction that links amino acids by removing a molecule of water.

Active Site

Where substrates bind to catalyze a reaction.

DNA Nucleotides

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.

Polar Part of Phospholipid

The phosphate group (phosphate head) is polar.

Passive Transport Types

Simple diffusion and Facilitated diffusion.

Facilitated Diffusion

Carrier-mediated transport of substances (e.g., glucose) down a concentration gradient.

Integumentary System

Protects against environmental hazards; regulates temperature; includes skin, hair, and nails.

Skeletal System

Supports and protects the body; enables movement; stores minerals; produces blood cells.

Muscular System

Produces movement through skeletal muscles and tendons.

Nervous System

Controls and coordinates body activities; includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones that regulate body functions.

Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes; includes the heart and blood vessels.

Lymphatic/Immune System

Defends against infection and maintains fluid balance; includes lymph nodes and vessels.

Respiratory System

Exchanges gases (O2 and CO2) between the air and blood.

Digestive System

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

Urinary System

Excretes wastes and helps regulate fluid balance.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

Control points (G1/S, G2/M, and metaphase) that monitor DNA integrity and regulate progression.

Chromosomes

Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in each somatic cell.

DNA Structure

Double helix; packaged into chromosomes; genes located along the DNA. (AT:GC)

Human Genome Project Outcomes

Mapped the human genome, identified gene locations, and advanced personalized medicine and disease research.

Peptide Bond

Covalent bond linking amino acids in a peptide chain; formed by dehydration synthesis.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Cavity that houses the brain (cranial) and spinal cord (vertebral).

Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity

Contains the spinal cord.

Ventral Body Cavity

Cavity that houses the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Abdominal Cavity

Contains most of the digestive organs.

Pelvic Cavity

Contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Diaphragm

Muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids breathing.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Imaging modality that uses radiotracers to visualize metabolic processes.