pregnancy and delivery <3

part 2 mo aruyo!! (go to my profile)

fertilization occurs at the ( )

ampulla of fallopian tube.

the oocyte completes meiosis II ( )

after sperm penetration

it takes ( ) days from fertilization to implantation

6-7 days

prolactin is secreted from ( ) lobe of pituitary gland

anterior

( ) induces breast milk production and secretion

prolactin

( ) occurs in mothers after giving birth because prolactin levels increase

postpartum amenorrhea

implantation occurs at the ( ) stage of the embryo

blastocyst

at implantation, ( ) invade into the uterine wall

trophoblast

( ) produce hCG

syncytiotrophoblast

pregnancy tests detect urinary ( )

hCG

the fetus is highly vulnerable to teratogens during ( )

organogenesis

umbilical venous blood contains ( ) oxygen than umbilical arterial blood

more

the umbilical ( ) supplies blood from the fetus to placenta.

artery

the umbilical cord contains ( ) umbilical artery/arteries and ( ) umbilical vein(s)

2, 1

about ( )% of pregnancies end in a miscarriage

10-15

( ) are detected in about 50-70% of miscarriages

chromosomal abnormalities

( ) is useful for distinguishing between a threatened miscarriage and inevitable miscarriage

bleeding volume

what are the subcategories of miscarriage?

threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, missed

among tubal pregnancy, ampullar pregnancy is most common, followed by ( ) pregnancy.

isthmic

chlamydia infection in the pelvis causes ( ).

ectopic pregnancy

morning sickness begins around ( ) of gestation

5 weeks

morning sickness peaks at around ( ) of gestation

8-10 weeks

( ) is when symptoms of morning sickness become more severe and prolonged

hyperemesis gravidarum

hyperemesis gravidarum can cause ( ) in blood volume

decrease

the prevalence of ( ) is high among women with hyperemesis gravidarum

deep venous thrombosis

the 1st stage of labor starts when

labor pains occur regularly (every 10 mins)

the 1st stage of labor ends when

the cervix is fully dilated

when is labor pain considered effective?

if cervical status progresses as a result of the pain

the ( ) is clinically applied to evaluate a pregnant woman. it is based on changes in the cervix and the position of the baby's head

Bishop score

when labor pains come ( ) times an hour, it indicates the beginning of labor

6

the ( ) is palpable during the 1st stage of labor

coccyx, ischial spine, posterior fontanelle

what does PROM stand for?

prelabor rupture of membrane

when does PROM occur?

before full-term

what can cause PROM?

chorioamnionitis

when does normal ROM occur?

when the cervix is fully dilated

when does the uterus return to its pre-pregnant size?

6-8 weeks after delivery

breastfeeding helps the uterus to contract back to its original size. true or false?

true

afterbirth pain can happen for ( ) after delivery

2 weeks

( ) in NST shows that the fetus is healthy

acceleration

it takes ( ) from follicle development to ovulation

4-6 months

in the antral follicle, the oocyte is surrounded by ( ) cells

granulosa

the activation of dormant primordial follicles arrest when the remaining follicle number goes under ( )

1000

aromatase converts androgen to ( )

estrogen

corpus luteum produces ( ) and ( )

estrogen and progesterone

estradiol inhibits ( ) expression in the arcuate nucleus

Kiss-1

( ) is the major cause of infertility in advanced maternal age

declining residual follicles and poor quality of oocytes

( ) is often used to check a woman's ability to produce eggs that can be fertilized for pregnancy

AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) test

primary ovarian insufficiency affects ( )% of women

1

infertility is the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after ( ).

12 months or more of regular unprotected sex

today, 1 in ( ) couples suffer with infertility

6

with non-invasive prenatal tests, ( )% of antenatal diseases can be diagnosed

17

amniocentesis is applied for mothers who are ( )

carriers of a X-linked recessive disorder or 35+ years old

when is amniocentesis performed?

after 15 weeks of gestation (usually between 16-18 weeks)

when can trans-abdominal ultrasonography be performed?

after 10-12 weeks of gestation

the vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus can cause ( ) in the fetus

deafness and learning disabilities

hydrops fetalis can be caused by

viral infection

vertical transmission of syphilis can be prevented by ( )

taking antibiotics

elevated blood sugar levels are associated with ( )

congenital malformations

is the flu vaccine safe for pregnant women?

yes

are NSAIDs safe for pregnant women?

no

is amantadine safe for pregnant women?

no

3 layers of the fetal membrane and which one is derived from the mother?

decidua (mother), chorion (fetus), amnion (fetus)

changes occurring in the fetus within minutes after birth

constriction of the umbilical vessels, constriction of the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus, and closure of the foramen ovale

the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected after...

5-6 weeks of gestation

at 9 weeks of gestation, the normal fetal heartbeat is

160-180

umbilical hernia can occur at ( ) weeks of gestation

8-10

what is presentation?

Direction of fetal trunk (体幹）(Relation of longitudinal axis of
fetus and mother)

what is position?

Direction of fetal back (facing left or right)

what is attitude?

Degree of flexion of head (is it extended or flexed?)

deiscribe the cardinal movement of the fetus during childbirth.

1st rotation: engagement, flexion, descent
2nd rotation: further descent and internal rotation
3rd rotation: complete extension of head
4th rotation: external rotation

3 elements of labor?

power, passage, passenger.

what is the normal attitude of fetus?

occiput (flexed)

normal birthweight?

2500-4000

excessively large infant

4000+

low birth weight

1500-2500

very low birth weight

1000-1500

excessively low birthweight

-1000

health risks of low birthweight babies in the future?

diabetes, hypertension (lifestyle related diseases)

how is newborn condition evaluated?

APGAR score (heart rate, respiratory, muscle tone, reflex irritability, color)

APGAR score is checked when?

immediately after birth, then 5-10 minutes after birth

what is wharton's jelly?

jelly-like material inside the umbilical cord. Protects the umbilical arteries and vein.

what is amniotic fluid index? what is the normal range?

measuring the depth of amniotic fluid via ultrasonography
normal range: 5-25cm w

what is station?

how far the baby descended through the birth canal

healthy (reactive) acceleration?

fetal movement occurs twice within 20 mintues

what is late deceleration?

sign to take the baby out as soon as possible by c-section

what is variable deceleration?

when the fetal HR decreases >30 seconds after the uterus contracts

what types of hormones are peptide hormones?

hypothalamic hormones

what types of hormones are steroid hormones?

sex hormones and corticosteroids

what types of hormones are amine hormones

catcholamines (epi and norepi) and thyroid hormones

what % of infertility in couples is accredited to females?

30

what % of infertility in couples is accredited to males?

30

what are causes of male infertility?

spermatogenic dysfunction (83%), sperm transport disorder (14%), erection/ejaculation problems (3%)

what are causes of female infertility?

unknown (49%), tubal (31%), ovulatory dysfunction (10%), uterine (3%).

what is affected in type I reproductive dysfunction?

hypothalamus/pituitary (low levels of FSH and estrogen) severe amenorrhea.

what is affected in type II reproductive dysfunction?

mild effect on hypothalamus (normal levels of hormones). presented w oligomenorrhea. most common.

what is affected in type III reproductive dysfunction?

ovary (high FSH but low estrogen).

what is affected in type IV reproductive dysfunction?

uterus. often amenorrhea deriving from uterine problems.

other than FSH and estrogen levels, high levels of ( ) can also cause reproductive dysfunction

prolactin

what type of reproductive dysfunction is PCOS? (polycystic ovary syndrome) what are some clinical presenting symptoms?

type II; oligo/anovulation, polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism (hirsutism and acne)

how can endometriosis result in the obstruction of the fallopian tube?

inflammation occurs, which leads to adhesion/scarring and the obstruction of the fallopian tube.