NOT Online Vocab

the yellow discoloration of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes most often resulting from the retention of bilirubin

jaundice

Jaundice is characterized as

bilrubin in serum

A measurement scale to estimate the level of bilirubin in the serum, often used to assess the degree of jaundice  

Icterus Index

Fat-soluble, water insoluble, binds to albumin, not yet processed by liver. Also known as indirect bilirubin

Unconjugated Bilirubin

Another term for jaundice, denoting the yellowing associated with bilirubin accumulation

Icterus

Conjugated bilirubin, which is water-soluble and can be excreted in urine; Indicates liver or biliary issues

direct bilrubin

A severe type of brain damage resulting from very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin, commonly seen in untreated neonatal jaundice

kernicterus

 Reduction or stoppage of bile flow, potentially leading to jaundic

cholestasis

synonymous with unconjugated bilirubin; it is lipid-soluble and must be conjugated in the liver before excretion 

Indirect bilirubin

Condition marked by liver scarring, often due to chronic alcoholism or hepatitis, which restricts blood flow and impairs liver function

Cirrhosis

Inflammation of the bile duct, commonly caused by bacterial infections and can lead to biliary obstruction

Cholangitis

Water-soluble bilirubin that is processed in the liver, allowing it to be excreted in bile or urine

Conjugated Bilirubin

Red blood cells break down in the ______, releasing heme

spleen

Bilirubin binds to albumin (indirect/unconjugated) and is transported to the _____

liver

Bilirubin is conjugated with _______, becoming direct/conjugated bilirubin

glucuronic acid

Conjugated bilirubin is excreted into _______, where bacterial enzymes convert it to urobilinogen, stercobilin, and urobilin

bile and intestines

 Metabolizes bilirubin, synthesizes proteins and urea, stores glycogen, and detoxifies substances.

liver functions

Enzyme that aids in bilirubin conjugation in the liver, making bilirubin water-soluble for excretion

UDP-Glucuronyl Transferase

bilrubin that is water-soluble, processed in liver, excreted in bile.

conjugated bilrubin

bilirubin irreversibly bound to albumin, typically found in cases of cholestasis

delta bilrubin

jaundice caused by excessive red blood cell breakdown prior to liver processing

prehaptic

jaundice caused by Intrinsic liver problems affecting bilirubin processing

hepatic

jaundice caused by biliary obstruction (e.g., gallstones) prevents bile flow

posthepatic

Immature liver enzyme function in newborns leads to jaundice

neonatal jaundice

Severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to lack of UDP-glucuronyl transferase; High unconjugated bilirubin, no direct bilirubin

Crigler-Najjar

Mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with decreased UDP-glucuronyl transferase

Gilbert Syndrome

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to impaired bilirubin transport; High direct bilirubin; dark liver pigmentation

Dubin-Johnson

enzyme that indicates hepatocellular injury.

ALT/AST

enzyme that  Indicates cholestasis

Alkaline Phosphatase

enzyme that supports liver and bile duct disease diagnosis

γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

Reflects all bilirubin in blood, important in jaundice

total bilrubin

Suggests prehepatic causes or neonatal jaundice

indirect bilrubin

what is the specimen of choice for bilirubin analysis

serum - fasting

a term that refers to a group of colorless compounds formed from the breakdown of bilirubin in the intestines; a byproduct of the normal metabolism of hemoglobin

Urobilinogen

Identify the compounds that are known collectively as “urobilinogen”

mesobilinogen, stercobilinogen, urobilinogen

Seen in hemolytic conditions (e.g., hemolytic anemia) due to excess bilirubin breakdown

Increased Urobilinogen

indicates bile duct obstruction, leading to pale stools and absent urobilin in urine

Decreased Urobilinogen

These levels help diagnose liver and biliary tract conditions and differentiate between types of jaundice

examining urobilinogen

Stimulates TSH release

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

 Stimulates Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) release   

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH

Stimulates FSH and LH release                            

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Stimulates GH release

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Stimulates thyroid to produce T3 and T4

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Promotes follicular development in females; sperm production in males

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Triggers ovulation in females; testosterone production in males

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates milk production

Prolactin

 Promotes growth and cell reproduction

Growth hormone

Stimulates cortisol production by adrenal cortex

ACTH

 Reduces perception of pain

ß-Endorphin

Increases water reabsorption in kidney

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

regulates mood, sleep, and other CNS functions

Serotonin

A thyroid hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature, and is more potent but less abundant

T3

The main hormone produced by the thyroid gland, which helps control the body's metabolic rate and is converted into the more active in tissues

T4

Lowers blood calcium levels   

Calcitonin

Increases blood calcium by bone resorption, kidney reabsorption, and intestinal absorption

Parathyroid hormone

 Regulates metabolism and response to stress

cortisol

Manages sodium and potassium balance

aldosterone

Regulate female reproductive functions 

Estrogen/Progesterone

Develops male secondary sex characteristic

Testosterone

Lowers blood glucose

insulin

Raises blood glucose

glucagon

A signaling molecule produced by glands, transported in the bloodstream, and affecting specific target organs to regulate physiological functions

hormone

A gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream (ex. pituitary, adrenal glands)

Endocrine Gland

A gland that releases its secretions through ducts to an external surface or cavity (ex. sweat glands, salivary glands)

Exocrine Gland

Specific cells in the body that have receptors for certain hormones, allowing the hormone to elicit a response in those cells.

target cells

 An inactive precursor of a hormone, containing a signal sequence that directs it to the proper location within a cell for processing

Preprohormone

A precursor to an active hormone, typically converted into the active hormone through enzymatic processing

Prohormone

The time it takes for the concentration of a hormone in the bloodstream to decrease by half, reflecting the hormone's stability and duration of effect

half life

Proteins located on or within target cells that specifically bind to hormones, initiating a cellular response

receptors

High levels of a hormone inhibit further release (e.g., high cortisol inhibits ACTH)

negative feedback

Hormone release triggers additional release (e.g., oxytocin during childbirth)

positive feedback

hormones that are derived from cholesterol. Cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone

steroid hormones

hormones  that are made from amino acids. Insulin, GH, PRL, LH, FSH.

Protein/Peptide Hormone

hormones that are Derived from tyrosine or tryptophan. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3, T4

Amine Hormones

Control stress response, glucose metabolism, and immune suppression. Produced in the zona fasciculata (middle layer) of the adrenal cortex. Metabolized in the liver, circulating primarily as cortisol-binding globulin (CBG)

Glucocorticoids

Regulate electrolyte and water balance, influencing blood pressure (aldosterone). Regulated by the renin-angiotensin system and potassium levels. Produced in the zona glomerulosa (outer layer) of the adrenal cortex

Mineralocorticoids

Metabolized to active androgens or estrogens in target tissues. roduced in the zona reticularis (inner layer) of the adrenal cortex

sex hormones (androgens)

Used to diagnose adrenal cortical and pituitary disorders;

stimulation/suppression tests

what estrogen is the most potent

estradiol

estrogens produced mainly by ovaries

non-pregnant

estrogens produced by the placenta, with estriol as the primary form during pregnancy​

pregnant

where are these hormones secreted: TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, GH, PRL

anterior pituitary gland

where are these hormones secreted: ADH, Oxytocin

posterior pituitary gland

FSH promotes follicle growth; estrogen peaks mid-cycle, triggering LH surge

follicular phase

Progesterone prepares the uterus; pregnanediol is a progesterone metabolite​

luteal phase

Placental trophoblast hormone supporting early pregnancy, detected in urine/blood to confirm pregnancy and identify issue

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Placental syncytiotrophoblasts hormone adjusting maternal metabolism for fetal growth, measured to assess placental health

human placental lactogen (hPL)

test that measures AFP, hCG, and estriol to assess fetal health.

triple test

test that adds inhibin-A to improve screening accuracy​

quad test

ACTH stimulates the _____, specifically the zona fasciculata, to produce _____

adrenal cortex, cortisol

Excess androgens; caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency​

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Fatigue, low BP; adrenal insufficiency, usually autoimmune​

Addison Disease

Uses enzyme-labeled antibodies for hormone

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Enzyme-based, used for drugs/hormones, less specific

enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)

 Elevated 5-HIAA indicates

carcinoid tumors

Serotonin synthesized from tryptophan

5-HIAA

Adult tumor, increases catecholamines, hypertension

Pheochromocytoma

Childhood tumor, high HVA and VMA, abdominal mass​

Neuroblastoma

where is the thyroid gland located

neck, around trachea/larynx

Produce T3 and T4 for metabolic regulation.

Follicular Cells